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Biomedical subjects

D R Pathak

Publications and source records attributed to D R Pathak.

33 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Marriage to a smoker and lung cancer risk.

As part of a population-based case-control study of lung cancer in New Mexico, we have collected data on spouses' tobacco smoking habits and on-the-job exposure to asbestos. The present analyses include 609 cases and 781 controls with known passive and personal smoking status, of whom 28 were lifelong nonsmokers with lung cancer. While no effect of spouse cigarette smoking was found among current or former smokers, never smokers married to smokers had about a two-fold increased risk of lung cancer. Lung cancer risk in never smokers also increased with duration of exposure to a smoking spouse, but not with increasing number of cigarettes smoked per day by the spouse. Our findings are consistent with previous reports of elevated risk for lung cancer among never smokers living with a spouse who smokes cigarettes.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Parity and breast cancer risk: possible effect on age at diagnosis.

We examined the effect of parity on breast cancer risk on the basis of information from 107,146 married female nurses followed prospectively between 1976-1980. For everparous women, a significant protective effect against breast cancer was observed with increasing parity (chi 12 for trend = 14.2, p less than 0.001). Adjustment for age at first birth and other potential confounders by multiple logistic regression did not materially affect this trend. After controlling for these risk factors, the overall relative risk of breast cancer for women with four or more pregnancies lasting 6 months or longer was 0.68 (95% confidence limits 0.51-0.90) compared with women with only one pregnancy. When nulliparous and everparous women were compared, an interaction of age and everparous status in 1976 was observed. The logistic regression coefficient for the interaction was 0.3419 (95% confidence limits 0.0374-0.6464). Specifically, for women of parity 2 relative to nulliparous, the relative risk of breast cancer and the 95% confidence intervals were 1.85 (1.09, 3.14), 1.32 (0.92, 1.89), and 0.93 (0.62, 1.41) for 30-39, 40-49 and 50-55-year-old women, respectively. This points to the need of presenting age-specific, rather than age-adjusted, relative risks in future studies of breast cancer and parity.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Determinants of lung cancer risk in cigarette smokers in New Mexico.

Although cigarette smoking is the strongest known risk factor for lung cancer, the effects of specific smoking practices have not been completely characterized. The present study examines determinants of lung cancer risk in a population-based, case-control study conducted in New Mexico, 1980-82. The study included 521 cases and 769 controls matched for age, sex, and ethnicity. Either the index subjects or their next-of-kin were interviewed in person to obtain a detailed history of cigarette smoking and information concerning other risk factors. With the use of multiple logistic regression, a model was constructed of the effects of amount smoked, duration of smoking, cigarette type, and smoking cessation on lung cancer risk. Among current smokers, risk increased with each additional cigarette smoked per day (P less than .001). For duration of smoking, the risk per year smoked in individuals 65 years and older was only one-third that in persons under age 65 years. With regard to cigarette type, a somewhat higher risk was found associated with smoking nonfilter cigarettes, but there was no evidence of decreasing risk as the extent of filter smoking increased. Lifelong filter cigarette smokers and smokers of both filter and nonfilter cigarettes were at lower risk than lifelong smokers of nonfilter cigarettes only. In ex-smokers, the pattern of variation of relative risk with amount and duration was similar to that in the current smokers. Excluding those who had stopped for 1 year or less, the relative risk declined exponentially with duration of smoking cessation (P less than .01). These analyses confirm the strong benefits of smoking cessation and indicate possible reduction of risk from smoking filter cigarettes.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Personal and family history of respiratory disease and lung cancer risk.

Lung cancer risk associated with family and personal history of respiratory diseases was assessed in a population-based, case-control study that included incident cases in New Mexico, 1980 to 1982. The study questionnaire ascertained previous diagnoses of major chronic respiratory diseases in the index subjects, their parents, and their grandparents and of lung and other respiratory cancers in the parents and grandparents. Physician diagnoses of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and other chest illnesses were reported significantly more often for cases than for control subjects. For 6.9% of the cases, at least 1 parent had a diagnosis of lung cancer, whereas only 2.2% of the control subjects' parents were similarly affected (p less than 0.001). In multiple logistic regression models that excluded never smokers and included variables to control for the effects of cigarette smoking, we found significantly increased risks for a personal history of chronic bronchitis or emphysema (odds ratio = 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 2.8) and a parental history of lung cancer (odds ratio = 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.2 to 12.8). The present study complements the results of previous investigations, which demonstrated that lung cancer risk in smokers is modified by characteristics of the smoker and by family history.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Gastric carcinoma in the young: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study.

Seventeen patients 40 yr of age and less with gastric carcinoma were studied retrospectively. Clinicopathological findings and survival data were collected on all patients. Immunohistochemistry for serotonin, gastrin, somatostatin, carcinoembryonic antigen, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, and alpha-fetoprotein was performed and the results correlated with pathological and survival data. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of endocrine markers in their tumors. The group with endocrine immunoreactivity tended to present with less advanced disease and had longer survival than the group without endocrine immunoreactivity (p less than 0.05). Although the number of patients in the study is too small to reach definite conclusions, our results are interesting in light of current knowledge of the pathobiology of gastric carcinoma and have important implications for future investigations.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Lung cancer risk and vitamin A consumption in New Mexico.

The association between dietary intake of vitamin A and lung cancer risk was examined in a population-based, case-control study of 447 patients and 759 control subjects in New Mexico. A food frequency interview was used to measure usual consumption of total vitamin A retinol, preformed vitamin A, and carotene. With all respondents combined, the odds ratios for lung cancer increased as intakes of total vitamin A and carotene declined but did not vary with intake of preformed vitamin A. When the subjects were stratified by ethnic group, Hispanic or non-Hispanic (Anglo) white, significant effects of vitamin A consumption were limited to the Anglos. In the Anglos, the protective effects of total vitamin A and carotene consumption were present in males and females, but varied strongly with cigarette smoking habits. In Anglo smokers, significant increases in the odds ratios with declining intake were observed in former but not in current smokers. Among the former smokers, significant effects of total vitamin A and carotene consumption were present only in those who had stopped smoking for 6 to 15 yr. Limitation of the protective effect of vitamin A and carotene consumption to past smokers has important implications for the design of clinical trials and for cancer control strategies.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Cigarette smoking and lung cancer in 'Hispanic' whites and other whites in New Mexico.

A population-based case-control study of lung cancer was performed in New Mexico to explain the differing patterns of lung cancer occurrence in the state's "Hispanic" Whites and other Whites. From 1980 through 1982, interviews were completed with 521 cases and 769 controls. In the male controls, the prevalence of current and previous cigarette usage was similar in the two ethnic groups, but Hispanics smoked fewer cigarettes daily. In the female controls, a lower percentage of Hispanics had ever smoked and their usual consumption was less than that of other White women. Older Hispanic female smokers had used hand-rolled cigarettes for an average of 8.8 years, whereas other White women of the same age had used this type for less than one-half year. Both stratified and multiple logistic analysis showed comparable risks of lung cancer in Hispanic White and other White smokers. There was no evidence of interaction between ethnicity and cigarette smoking. These analyses imply that the differences in lung cancer incidence between New Mexico's Hispanic Whites and other Whites are largely explained by the patterns of cigarette smoking of these two groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Risk factors predicting laryngeal injury in intubated neonates.

We evaluated 95 extubated neonates to determine if certain risk factors could predict the development of laryngeal injury. Risk factors were recorded prospectively during the intubation period and correlated with laryngeal injury determined by laryngoscopy after extubation. Duration of intubation greater than or equal to 7 days and 3 or more intubations significantly predicted injury.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

Malignant melanoma of the skin in New Mexico 1969-1977.

We assessed the occurrence of malignant melanoma of the skin in New Mexico from 1969-1977. Incidence data, collected by the New Mexico Tumor Registry, were supplemented with mortality data supplied by the State Bureau of Vital Statistics. These data were analyzed for variation by site, sex, and ethnic group. Malignant melanoma occurrence varied with ethnicity. Incidence rates for non-Hispanic whites (Anglos) exceeded comparison US rates, and were approximately six times higher than for other ethnic groups. Annual incidence rates for Hispanics, American Indians, and blacks of both sexes ranged from 0.0-1.8 cases per 100,000. As anticipated from other studies, the lower extremities were the most common site in Anglo women, and the trunk was the most common site in Anglo men. In contrast, the trunk was the most common site for both Hispanic men and women. A statistically significant trend of increasing incidence was demonstrated only for the Anglo women. Mortality rates varied widely during the study period and did not correlate with incidence rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Predictive value of stridor in detecting laryngeal injury in extubated neonates.

We evaluated 73 consecutively extubated neonates for evidence of acute laryngeal injury from intubation. Hoarseness and stridor were graded by a clinical scoring system. Direct laryngoscopy with a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope yielded a 44% incidence of moderate or major laryngeal injury. All patients with stridor had moderate or major injury, as did 38% of patients without stridor. Stridor was quite specific for detecting moderate or major injury but did not identify the type of injury.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

Respiratory disease in a New Mexico population sample of Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites.

To characterize the epidemiologic features of respiratory diseases among Hispanics, we conducted a prevalence survey in Bernalillo County, New Mexico. The ATS-DLD-78 respiratory symptoms questionnaire was completed by 633 Hispanics and 1,038 Anglos (non-Hispanic whites) with an overall response rate of 72%. The prevalence of major respiratory diseases differed between the groups. Physician-confirmed chronic bronchitis or emphysema, and asthma were reported less often by Hispanics. Although patterns of cigarette usage (current, previous, never) were similar, current and cumulative cigarette consumption was significantly lower in Hispanics. Most differences in symptom frequency and the lower Hispanic prevalence of chronic bronchitis or emphysema were attributable to lower cigarette consumption by Hispanics. However, the prevalence of asthma remained significantly lower among Hispanics after controlling for cigarette smoking. These results documented differences in the prevalence of respiratory disease between the Hispanics and Anglos, which were partially explained by the distributions of known risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Staffing patterns in community mental health centers.

Staffing patterns of federally funded community mental health centers were examined in a survey of 512 centers conducted in 1977. A total of 275 usable responses were received. The findings showed that rural centers had significantly fewer trainees in three of the major mental health disciplines (psychiatry, psychology, and soical work) and fewer affiliations with training institutions, factors that contribute to the maldistribution of mental health professionals in rural areas. The survey also showed that center directors tended to hire more staff of their own professional background.

Community Mental Health Centers↗
PubMed1977

Estimation of fetal or neonatal weight from the biperietal diameter.

This paper contains a table of predicted fetal or neonatal weight on the basis of the biparietal diameter. The tabulated values are derived under the assumption that the relationship between biparietal diameter and weight is nonlinear and that weight is best predicted by means of a third degree least square polynominal spline. We believe that our study overcomes the shortcomings inherent in a linear prediction formula, commonly employed in the literature.

Birth Weight↗