Biomedical subjects

D R Tufano

Publications and source records attributed to D R Tufano.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1997

Automotive HUDs: the overlooked safety issues.

The transfer of tactical aviation technology into automobiles is creating information display requirements that are likely to be met by use of the head-up display (HUD). These developments are based largely on conclusions that the HUD-related safety issues raised in the aviation HUD literature can be dismissed and that the benefits of using HUDs are certain. Such conclusions either neglect relevant research or are supported by a very small amount of evidence, much of which is either irrelevant or generated within a flawed methodological paradigm. This critical review covers the issues of (a) HUD focal distance and its effect on the perception of outside objects and (b) the effects of HUD imagery on visual attention. The issues of focal distance, cognitive capture, and the inherent connection between the two may have a greater impact on safety in the automotive context than they do in aviation.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1982

Visual-motor organization: differences between and within individuals.

The research described in this monograph uses control theory's pursuit-tracking paradigm of voluntary movement to identify several elementary psychomotor tasks. They are simple to administer and tap increasingly complex, nonverbal cognitive or perceptual attributes. Two series of experiments are reported. Study 1 examined the hypothesis that dissimilar arrays of individual differences, as determined through test-retest correlations, may exist among the same subjects: first, across various static and dynamic visual and motor "tasks" selected from the terms of control theory's tracking equations and, second, in the organization of these tasks as represented by pursuit tracking. The hypothesis could not be rejected. Study 2 determined that test-retest individual differences in visual-motor organization not only persisted in the absence of practice, but that they also withstood active intervention by practice. This study also showed that subjects differ reliably in their ability to plan, i.e., to take advantage of coherence in visual-motor information.

Concept Formation↗

PubMed1980

Variables influencing outflow-inflow interpretations tracking performance: predictability of target motion, transfer function, and practice.

Experimental evidence can be found in support of either outflow or inflow theories of voluntary action. Accordingly, the empirical problem becomes one of ascertaining fundamental conditions under which the dichotomy plainly manifests itself. Using a within-subjects design, six undergraduates were given pursuit tracking training. The independent variables were (a) presence or absence of regularity (predictability) in the back-and-forth motion of the target, (b) type of control stick (with attendant proprioceptive feedback) used to drive the cursor, and (c) practice. The dependent variable was the time integral of error. The following results were significant (p less than .05, two-tailed): (a) A pressure stick is better than a freely moving one when tracking a random target; this finding supports a reactive force inflow model. The converse is true for a predictable target and is therefore supportive of an outflow interpretation. (b) Regardless of kind of target motion, an unloaded stick is better than an elastically loaded one at the beginning of training (outflow support) but worse by the end of training (inflow support). It is concluded that the motor outflow versus motor inflow dispute is amenable to parametric resolution.

Cues↗