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Biomedical subjects

D R Young

Publications and source records attributed to D R Young.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Evaluation of the efficacy of emodepside plus praziquantel topical solution against ascarid infections (Toxocara cati or Toxascaris leonina) in cats.

Eleven controlled studies were conducted in the United States and Europe to evaluate the efficacy of a topical solution of emodepside (3 mg/kg)+praziquantel (12 mg/kg) (Profender, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany) against infection with various stages of the ascarid nematodes Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina. Infections were induced by administration of larvated ascarid eggs, and stage-specific efficacy was evaluated by treating cats at scheduled intervals post-inoculation. All studies featured random allocation to treatment groups, placebo-treated control animals and assessment of outcome measures by masked personnel. The product (emodepside+praziquantel topical solution) was 100% effective against mature adults and immature adult T. cati. In addition, it was 96.8% effective against third stage larvae and at least 99.4% effective against fourth stage larvae of T. cati, respectively. Efficacy against mature, immature adult and L4 stages of T. leonina exceeded 93.4%, but regulatory "adequacy of infection" criteria were not met in some studies. No adverse reactions to treatment were noted in cats treated with the emodepside+praziquantel topical solution.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2005

Efficacy of a topically administered combination of emodepside and praziquantel against mature and immature Ancylostoma tubaeforme in domestic cats.

This paper reports the efficacy of emodepside/praziquantel spot-on (Profender), Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany), a novel broad-spectrum anthelmintic for dermal application, against L4 larvae and immature adult and adult stages of Ancylostoma tubaeforme in cats. The formulation contains 2.14% (w/w) emodepside and 8.58% (w/v) praziquantel, with emodepside being active against gastrointestinal nematodes and praziquantel against cestodes. Five randomized, blinded and controlled laboratory studies demonstrated 100% efficacy of emodepside/praziquantel spot-on against mature A. tubaeforme and an efficacy of >95% and >97%, respectively, against L4 larvae and immature adults (based on worm counts after necropsy) at approximately the minimum proposed dose rate in cats of 3.0 mg emodepside and 12.0 mg praziquantel/kg body weight. No adverse reactions to the treatment were observed. It is concluded that emodepside/praziquantel spot-on is an effective and safe treatment against infections with mature and immature A. tubaeforme. Emodepside/praziquantel spot-on will considerably facilitate the treatment of cats against nematodes and cestodes compared with orally administered preparations.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2004

Efficacy of fipronil/(S)-methoprene combination spot-on for dogs against shed eggs, emerging and existing adult cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis, Bouché).

The inhibitory activities of fipronil (10% (w/v) solution), (S)-methoprene (9% (w/v) solution), and fipronil/(S)-methoprene (10 and 9% (w/v) solution, respectively) combination against eggs and emerging adult cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) and adulticidal activity were tested on experimentally infested dogs. Thirty-two Beagle dogs were selected for this study and eight replicates of four animals were formed based on body weight within sex. One dog in each replicate was randomly allocated to treatment with: (1) untreated control; (2) fipronil 10% (w/v) solution, (3) (S)-methoprene 9% (w/v) solution, and (4) fipronil 10% (w/v) and (S)-methoprene 9% (w/v) combination solution. Treatments were applied once topically on Day 0 at the rate of 0.067 ml/kg. On Days -12, -1, 21, and weekly to Day 84 each dog was infested with approximately 200 fleas and comb counted approximately 24h later, or 2 days (our 48 h) after in the case of Day -1 infestation. On Days -11, 1, 22, and weekly to Day 85 each dog was again infested with approximately 200 fleas. Flea eggs were collected over approximately 24 h beginning 3 days after infestation. Fleas were combed off of the dogs and counted at the end of the egg collection period (approximately 96 h count). One aliquot of up to about 100 eggs, if available, from each animal at each infestation time was incubated for approximately 72 h to determine larval hatch and the other for 35 days to determine the number of adults that developed. The 10% (w/v) fipronil spot-on provided excellent control (>95%) of adult fleas on dogs for 5 weeks. Similarly, the combination spot-on of 10% (w/v) fipronil and 9% (w/v) (S)-methoprene provided excellent control of adult fleas, i.e., >95% for 5 weeks. From week 6 post-treatment onward, the relatively low inhibition of adult flea emergence substantiated the lack of significant ovicidal/larvicidal activity in the fipronil (10%, w/v) treatment group. However, the combination product provided excellent (>90%) ovicidal activity for 8 weeks and high (91.4%) inhibition of adult flea emergence for 12 weeks. In addition, a synergistic effect of the two compounds in combination was demonstrated with fipronil enhancing the ovicidal and inhibition of adult flea emergence activity of (S)-methoprene against cat flea eggs. When all stages of the life cycle of the cat flea are considered, the combination spot-on product provided a high level of total flea control yielding a curative effect against adult fleas and inhibition of flea development stages with little to no potential reinfestation pressure on the animal or in the environment for 12 weeks.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of the Yale Physical Activity Survey with other physical activity measures.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine associations of the Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS) with the Stanford 7-d physical activity recall (PAR) and several physiologic measures, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. METHODS: Participants were 59 individuals (45% African-American, 79% women) between the ages of 60 and 80 yr who were enrolled in a clinical trial. From the YPAS, total time in activity, estimated weekly energy expenditure, and indices of vigorous activity, leisurely walking, moving, standing, sitting, and an overall summary index were determined. From the PAR, daily energy expenditure, and hours spent in light, moderate, and hard/very hard activities were estimated. Physiologic measurements included estimated VO2max, resting pulse rate, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Weekly energy expenditure, total time in activity, and the summary index correlated with daily energy expenditure at baseline (Spearman correlations = 0.37, 0.30, 0.33, respectively, Ps < 0.01) and time in moderate activity (r = 0.37, 0.29, 0.39, Ps < 0.01). The vigorous index was also significantly correlated with daily energy expenditure and time in light, moderate, and hard/very hard activity. The summary, moving, and standing indices correlated with VO2max (Ps < 0.05) and BMI (Ps < 0.05). Change in physical activity determined from the PAR correlated with change in most YPAS dimensions, although few correlations were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The global activities and the vigorous activity index determined from the YPAS correlated with corresponding measures of the PAR. The validity of the YPAS for light-intensity activities is less clear, although optimal validation measures for light-intensity activity are yet to be defined. The ability of the YPAS to detect change in physical activity shows some promise, but data from this study are insufficient to be conclusive.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Identifying sex chromosome abnormalities in forensic DNA testing using amelogenin and sex chromosome short tandem repeats.

Forensic DNA laboratories worldwide have begun using multiplexed STR systems to decrease analysis time and increase sample throughput. The loci used in these systems are basically "nonsense" regions of human DNA. However, due to the chromosome on which some of these loci are located, various genetic abnormalities can sometimes be detected. This paper will show one such abnormality--Klinefelter's Syndrome--and the process used to show the possibility of this defect in two undiagnosed males using peak height ratios at the Amelogenin locus, and X-Y STRs.

Amelogenin↗
PubMed2000

Efficacy of selamectin against experimentally induced and naturally acquired ascarid (Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina) infections in dogs.

The efficacy of selamectin against adult ascarids was evaluated in eight controlled and masked studies in dogs. Three laboratory studies evaluated selamectin against experimentally induced infections of Toxocara canis; three laboratory studies evaluated selamectin against naturally acquired infections of T. canis; one laboratory study evaluated selamectin against naturally acquired infections of both T. canis and Toxascaris leonina; one field study evaluated selamectin against naturally acquired infections of ascarids (T. canis and/or T. leonina) in dogs presented as veterinary patients. Selamectin was administered topically to the skin of dogs in unit doses designed to deliver a minimum of 6mgkg(-1) (range, 6-12mgkg(-1)). In all studies, dogs were allocated randomly to treatment assignments (selamectin or vehicle control in laboratory studies: selamectin or reference product in the field study) on the basis of pretreatment fecal egg counts. For induced infections, there were significant reductions in geometric mean numbers of adult T. canis after a single application of selamectin (93.9-98.1%, P=0.0001), after two monthly applications (> or =88.3%, P< or =0.0001), and after three monthly applications (100%, P< or =0.0002). In the natural infection laboratory studies, when selamectin was administered twice at an interval of 30 days, the percentage reductions in geometric mean numbers of adult T. canis at necropsy were 84.6, 91.3, and 97.9%, and when selamectin was administered on days 0, 14, and 30, the percentage reductions were 91.1 and 97.6%. Geometric mean fecal T. canis egg counts were reduced by > or =92.9% (P< or =0.0067) at the end of the studies. In the field study, geometric mean fecal ascarid egg counts were reduced by 89.5 and 95. 5% (P=0.0001) for 14 and 30 days, respectively, after a single treatment with selamectin, and by 94.0% (P=0.0001) 30 days after the second treatment with selamectin. These reductions compared favorably with the egg count reductions from dogs treated with a reference product containing praziquantel, pyrantel embonate, and febantel. There were no adverse drug experiences or treatment-related mortalities during any of the studies. Selamectin, when administered topically in a unit dose providing a minimum dosage of 6mgkg(-1), was safe and effective against adult T. canis and T. leonina and in reducing the fecal excretion of T. canis eggs in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Efficacy of selamectin against experimentally induced tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor variabilis) infestations on dogs.

Seven controlled studies were conducted to investigate the efficacy of selamectin against weekly infestations of dogs with Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor variabilis. Treatments (selamectin or vehicle alone) were applied topically at weekly, 2-week, or monthly intervals or in a "Monthly Plus" regimen (monthly treatment with an additional treatment at 14 days after the first treatment). Selamectin was supplied in unit dose tubes designed to deliver a minimum dosage of 6mgkg(-1). The studies ranged in duration from 37 to 90 days. Fifty adult ticks (+/-2) were applied approximately weekly, and tick counts were performed 3, 4, and 5 days after each infestation. The efficacy of selamectin was expressed as the percentage reduction in geometric mean tick counts on selamectin-treated dogs compared with those for dogs treated with the vehicle alone (negative-control). In one study, the engorgement of Dermacentor variabilis was assessed by weighing ticks after removal on the fifth day after each infestation. Weekly and 2-week interval treatments with selamectin provided efficacies against R. sanguineus of >89% across the entire study periods, with 100% efficacy being achieved from 21 days after the first dose and thereafter (study duration, 37 days for the weekly regimen and 44 days for the 2-week interval regimen). D. variabilis also was well controlled by the 2-week interval treatment regimen, with >96% efficacy being achieved from 21 days after the first treatment and thereafter until the end of the study (study duration: 90 days). In five of six studies incorporating three treatments at monthly intervals, the percentage reduction in R. sanguineus and D. variabilis counts 5 days after infestation ranged from 90 to 100% in the second and third months after treatment began. In the sixth study, reductions of > or =95% in D. variabilis counts 5 days after infestation were achieved for 2 weeks after each treatment in the second and third months. For the Monthly Plus regimen, from the second treatment (day 14) onwards, selamectin achieved 83-100% reductions in R. sanguineus and D. variabilis counts 3 days after infestation, and 94-100% reductions 5 days after infestation in three of the four studies. In the fourth study, selamectin demonstrated good efficacy against D. variabilis for 2 weeks after each treatment. In all seven studies, the counts from the selamectin-treated dogs were significantly (P< or =0.018) lower than those from the vehicle-treated dogs on 77 of the 80 assessments made 5 days after infestation. Selamectin also significantly (P< or =0.0105) reduced engorgement of female D. variabilis. These studies demonstrated that selamectin, administered topically to the skin in a single spot at a minimum dosage of 6mgkg(-1) at monthly intervals, was effective in the control of experimentally induced R. sanguineus and D. variabilis infestations on dogs.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2000

Population frequency distributions of HDL, HDL(2), and HDL(3) cholesterol and apolipoproteins A-I and B in healthy men and women and associations with age, gender, hormonal status, and sex hormone use: the Stanford Five City Project.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to present population-based frequency distribution data for several lipoprotein-related variables and to examine their associations with gender, age, menopausal status, and sex hormone use. METHODS: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), HDL(2)-C, HDL(3)-C, apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I, and Apo B were measured in a population-based sample of 1, 027 healthy adults from four California cities who participated in the 1989-1990 survey of the Stanford Five City Project. These data were examined cross-sectionally with sociodemographic and other related variables. RESULTS: Relative to men, all of the HDL-related parameters-HDL-C, HDL(2)-C, HDL(3)-C, Apo A-I-were significantly higher and Apo B levels were significantly lower among women (P < 0. 001). Menopausal status was not associated with HDL-related parameters, but Apo B levels were higher in post- versus premenopausal women (P < 0.001). Among women, HDL-C and Apo A-I levels were higher in oral contraceptive and estrogen replacement therapy users (P = 0.003). Most of the significant findings remained statistically significant after adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking, energy expenditure, and alcohol intake. CONCLUSIONS: These population-based data indicate that gender, menopausal status, and the use of sex hormones among women are associated with differential levels of one or more of HDL-C, HDL(2)-C, HDL(3)-C, Apo A-I, and Apo B, independent of age and a broad set of lifestyle factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Associations of HDL, HDL(2), and HDL(3) cholesterol and apolipoproteins A-I and B with lifestyle factors in healthy women and men: the Stanford Five City Project.

BACKGROUND: Measures of the two major high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions, HDL(2) and HDL(3), and the major apolipoproteins of HDL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), Apo A-I and Apo B, may be etiologically important factors in the development of coronary artery disease. The association of lifestyle factors with these lipoprotein-related variables remains unclear. METHODS: HDL-C, HDL(2)-C, HDL(3)-C, Apo A-I, and Apo B levels were determined in a population-based sample of 1,027 healthy women and men aged 25-64 years, from four California cities who participated in the 1989/1990 survey of the Stanford Five City Project. In this cross-sectional study we examined the independent associations of these lipoprotein-related variables with body mass index (BMI), cigarette smoking, daily energy expenditure, alcohol intake, dietary intake, and hormone use (oral contraceptives and estrogen replacement therapy). RESULTS: In general, BMI and alcohol intake were the strongest independent predictors of the lipoprotein-related variables. The negative association of BMI with HDL-C was attributable primarily to the association with the HDL(2)-C subfraction, while for alcohol intake the positive association with HDL-C was attributable primarily to the association with HDL(3)-C, particularly in men. Among men, but not women, energy expenditure was a significant independent predictor of each of the lipoprotein-related variables, with positive associations observed for HDL-C, HDL(2)-C, HDL(2)-C, and Apo A-I and a negative association observed for Apo B (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Data from this population-based sample suggest that specific lifestyle factors are more strongly associated with some lipoprotein-related variables than with others, with notable gender differences.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Method to remove intramedullary cement prior to mechanical testing in canine segmental replacement model.

Mechanical evaluation of fixator augmented bone healing is complicated. When the primary interest is focused on mechanical properties of the healing site, implants may need to be removed before the testing. Cement or bone ingrowth related fixation requires special techniques for successful implant removal. Five canine femurs and five specially designed intramedullary cement fixated segmental replacement prosthesis were used to show that intramedullary cement mantle could be removed safely and the procedure was repeatable without altering the mechanical properties of healing site.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

The effects of aerobic exercise and T'ai Chi on blood pressure in older people: results of a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects on blood pressure of a 12-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program and a T'ai Chi program of light activity. DESIGN: A randomized clinical trial. SETTING: A suburban clinic in the Baltimore, MD, area. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-two sedentary older adults (45% black, 79% women, aged > or = 60 years) with systolic blood pressure 130-159 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure < 95 mm Hg (not on antihypertensive medication). INTERVENTION: Participants were randomized to a 12-week aerobic exercise program or a light intensity T'ai Chi program. The goal of each condition was to exercise 4 days per week, 30 minutes per day. MEASUREMENTS: Blood pressure was measured during three screening visits and every 2 weeks during the intervention. Estimated maximal oxygen uptake and measures of physical activity level were determined at baseline and at the end of the intervention period. RESULTS: Mean (SD) baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 139.9 (9.3) mm Hg and 76.0 (7.3) mm Hg, respectively. For systolic blood pressure, adjusted mean (SE) changes during the 12-week intervention period were -8.4 (1.6) mm Hg and -7.0 (1.6) mm Hg in the aerobic exercise and T'ai Chi groups, respectively (each within-group P < .001; between-group P = .56). For diastolic blood pressure, corresponding changes were -3.2 (1.0) mm Hg in the aerobic exercise group and -2.4 (1.0) mm Hg in the T'ai Chi group (each within-group P < .001; between-group P = .54). Body weight did not change in either group. Estimated maximal aerobic capacity tended to increase in aerobic exercise (P = .06) but not in T'ai Chi (P = .24). CONCLUSIONS: Programs of moderate intensity aerobic exercise and light exercise may have similar effects on blood pressure in previously sedentary older individuals. If additional trials confirm these results, promoting light intensity activity could have substantial public health benefits as a means to reduce blood pressure in older aged persons.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

Physical activity interventions in low-income, ethnic minority, and populations with disability.

BACKGROUND: Low-income, racial and ethnic minority, and populations with disabilities are more likely to be sedentary than the general population. Increasing physical activity in these groups is an important public health challenge. This report summarizes interventions that have targeted populations at risk for inactivity. METHODS: Computer and manual searches were performed to identify manuscripts published from 1983 to 1997. Interventions conducted in these populations in which physical activity was part of the intervention, and activity or cardiorespiratory fitness were outcome measures, were included in the review. RESULTS: Fourteen studies were identified. Most studies used pre-post or quasi-experimental designs. Common intervention features for the ten studies that included ethnic minority groups were community advisory panels, community needs assessments, and community members delivering the intervention. Eight studies reported a theoretical framework that guided the intervention. Increased physical activity was documented in two studies. Post-intervention follow-up was conducted in two studies; both reported no significant findings. Only four studies for people with disabilities were found; all four reported post-intervention physical activity change. CONCLUSION: Much work remains to develop effective interventions for these populations. Research that involves the community at all steps in the design and implementation of the intervention shows greatest promise for promoting behavior change. Future intervention studies should include: (1) rigorous experimental designs; (2) theoretically based interventions; and (3) validated assessment instruments to detect physical activity change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Physical activity patterns of urban African Americans.

This study assessed physical activity patterns in a sample of urban African Americans, whose participation in physical activity has not previously been well-described. From questions administered by interviewers during health fair screenings in 19 churches in East Baltimore, information regarding participation in regular, leisure-time activity (defined as 30 minutes of activity, 5 days per week), time spent walking on the job, and distance walked to and from work was assessed from 365 adults (69% women). Regular, leisure-time activity participation was 18% for men and 16% for women. When the definition of physical activity participation was broadened to include: (1) spending over half the day walking at work; (2) walking at least 10 blocks to and from work; as well as (3) regular, leisure-time activity, 41% of men and 38% of women were active. These data suggest that, while a small percentage of African Americans participate in regular physical activity, a substantial percentage are regularly active when non-leisure-time activity is assessed. To accurately characterize overall participation, physical activity derived from a variety of sources, including transportation and work-related activity, should be assessed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of school-based aerobic exercise on blood pressure in adolescent girls at risk for hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise physical education on blood pressure in high-risk, predominantly African-American, adolescent girls. METHODS: Ninth-grade girls (n = 99) with blood pressure above the 67th percentile were randomized to 1 semester of aerobic exercise classes or standard physical education classes. RESULT: The study was completed by 88 girls. At posttest, only members of the aerobic exercise group increased their estimated cardiorespiratory fitness. The aerobic exercise group had a greater decrease in systolic blood pressure than the standard physical education group (P < .03). CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic exercise physical education is a feasible and effective health promotion strategy for high-risk adolescent girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Predictors of long-term change in functional status after coronary artery bypass graft surgery in women.

A cohort of 164 women who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) was followed for one year to examine changes in functional status and determine the relative influence of clinical, psychosocial and sociodemographic factors on change in functional status outcomes between 6 and 12 months after surgery. Clinical, psychosocial, sociodemographic and preoperative functional status data were collected by written questionnaire and personal interview at the time of surgery and again at 6 and 12 months after CABG. Functional status scores improved significantly from before to 6 months after CABG. Between 6 and 12 months post-CABG 65% sustained or continued to experience improvement in physical functioning, 83% in social and leisure activities, and 54% in psychological functioning. Predictors of sustained improvement in physical functioning were being married, younger age, low 6-month functioning, having an ejection fraction of 50% or greater, and being white. The significant predictors of sustained improvement in social and leisure activities and psychological functioning were being married and low 6-month psychological functioning, respectively. These data suggest that interventions to improve long-term outcomes in women undergoing CABG should take into account not only their age, functional capacity and level of functioning at 6 months post-CABG, but also their race and marital status as potential risk factors for long-term functional status disability.

Age Factors↗