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Biomedical subjects

D Reeves

Publications and source records attributed to D Reeves.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Sutterella wadsworthensis gen. nov., sp. nov., bile-resistant microaerophilic Campylobacter gracilis-like clinical isolates.

Campylobacter gracilis (formerly Bacteroides gracilis) is an asaccharolytic, nitrate-positive, urease-negative organism that requires formate and fumarate or hydrogen as a growth additive and may pit agar media. Clinical isolates that were obtained primarily from appendiceal and peritoneal fluid specimens and initially were identified in our laboratory as B. gracilis were later found to include "unusual" strains that could be distinguished by biochemical and genetic criteria. These unusual C. gracilis strains were bile resistant, could not reduce tetrazolium chloride under aerobic conditions if formate and fumarate were added to the medium, and could grow in the presence of 2 or 6% oxygen if no blood was added to the medium. C. gracilis, other campylobacters, and the unusual strains produced distinctive dehydrogenase patterns when gels were incubated anaerobically. A cellular fatty acid analysis revealed that the cluster formed by the unusual organisms was distinct from the (separate) clusters formed by C. gracilis, Bacteroides ureolyticus, and other Campylobacter species. 16S rRNA sequence data indicated that these organisms are not related phylogenetically to either C. gracilis or other Campylobacter species; the most closely related taxa as determined by rRNA sequence analysis were unrelated aerobes (members of the genera Bordetella, Alcaligenes, Rhodocyclus, and Comamonas). DNA homology data confirmed that these taxa are separate groups. Our data indicate that the unusual organisms are members of a new genus and new species, for which we propose the name Sutterella wadsworthensis. The type strain of S. wadsworthensis is strain WAL 9799 (= ATCC 51579).

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Oxybutynin administration diminishes the high gastric muscular tone associated with bladder reconstruction.

Oxybutynin has a proved role in correcting uninhibited detrusor contractions in the intact and the bowel augmented bladder. Beneficial responses to oxybutynin have also been noted after gastrocystoplasty. It has been questioned whether this response reflects a selective effect on the bladder segment or whether there is an additional effect on the gastric patch musculature. We report a case of improved function of a previously poorly complaint gastric neobladder caused by oxybutynin, thereby demonstrating a direct action on gastric smooth muscle.

Female↗
PubMed1995

The use of anti-psychotic drugs with adults with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour.

The use of anti-psychotic medication with an adult population of people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviours was investigated as part of an epidemiological study covering seven district health authorities and corresponding local authorities in North West England. The study found a high rate of prescription of anti-psychotic drugs (48.1%). Chlorpromazine was the most frequently prescribed drug, followed by Thioridazine and Haloperidol. Three variables, psychiatric diagnosis, where the person was resident (hospital disturbed ward, hospital non-disturbed ward, hostel or family home) and district of origin were found to be significant determinants of prescriptions when all other variables were controlled. Of the variables reflecting individual characteristics those significantly related to prescription suggested that the socially disruptive effects of challenging behaviour were determining prescription. The results are discussed in the context of differing prescription practices across residence and district in the context of the management of socially disruptive behaviour.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

Epididymitis in older boys: dysfunctional voiding as an etiology.

Although male infants and young boys with epididymitis have a high incidence of anatomical pathology, dysfunctional voiding is not a well established cause of epididymitis. In our series 36 boys with epididymitis underwent noninvasive urodynamic studies to determine whether a physiological defect could be assigned as an etiology. The 2 mechanisms proposed are similar to that in children with vesicoureteral reflux associated with dyssynergia or bladder instability and to a cause of recurrent urinary tract infection in children (the infrequent voider syndrome). Urinalysis and urine culture are recommended in all children with epididymitis and urethral swabs are obtained from those who are sexually active. We recommend renal/bladder ultrasound and voiding cystourethrography in all infants and young children with epididymitis. In the older child we advocate detailed questioning regarding voiding symptoms and the performance of noninvasive urodynamic studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

In-vitro activity of clinafloxacin (CI-960) and PD 131628-2 against anaerobic bacteria.

The antimicrobial activities of two new quinolones, CI-960 and PD 131628-2 were determined against 339 strains of anaerobic bacteria and compared to cefoxitin, imipenem and metronidazole. The NCCLS-approved Wadsworth agar dilution technique with Brucella-lysed blood agar was used throughout the study. Breakpoints of the new quinolones are 2 mg/L, and breakpoints for cefoxitin, imipenem and metronidazole are 32, 8 and 16 mg/L, respectively. CI-960 displayed excellent activity, inhibiting all strains tested at 1 mg/L. PD 131628-2 inhibited 94% of Bacteroides fragilis, 75% of other B. fragilis group isolates, 87% of Prevotella spp, 79% of the Fusobacterium mortiferum-varium group, 74% of non-sporing gram-positive bacilli, and 89-100% of Clostridium spp other than Clostridium difficile at 2 mg/L. None of the eight strains of C. difficile was inhibited at 2 mg/L although they were inhibited at 4 mg/L. PD 131628-2 inhibited all strains of other Bacteroides spp, Porphyromonas spp, and Fusobacterium nucleatum at < or = 1 mg/L.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1994

In vitro activity of DU-6859a against anaerobic bacteria.

The activity of a new quinolone agent, DU-6859a, against 330 strains of anaerobic bacteria was determined by using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards-approved Wadsworth brucella laked blood agar method; the activity of DU-6859a was compared with those of amoxicillin-clavulanate (2:1), chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, fleroxacin, imipenem, lomefloxacin, metronidazole, sparfloxacin, and temafloxacin. DU-6859a and chloramphenicol inhibited all of the isolates at concentrations of 1 and 16 micrograms/ml, respectively; amoxicillin-clavulanate, imipenem, and metronidazole inhibited > or = 94% of the isolates at their respective breakpoints (8, 8, and 16 micrograms/ml). MICs of DU-6859a at which 90% of the strains were susceptible were 1 to 5 twofold dilutions lower than those of the other quinolones for every group of organisms. MICs of DU-6859a at which 90% of the strains were susceptible (total numbers of strains tested are in parentheses) were < or = 0.25 micrograms/ml for Bacteroides fragilis (57), other B. fragilis group species (84), Bilophila wadsworthia (15), Clostridium species (27) (including C. difficile, C. perfringens, and C. ramosum), Fusobacterium nucleatum (16), Fusobacterium mortiferum-F. varium group species (10), Peptostreptococcus species (20), non-spore-forming gram-positive rods (20), and Prevotella species (25).

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1994

Preliminary study using species-specific oligonucleotide probe for rRNA of Bilophila wadsworthia.

Portions of the 16S RNA from a urease-positive Bilophila wadsworthia strain were sequenced, and a probe was constructed. The probe was end labeled with [32P]ATP and polynucleotide kinase and hybridized on a nylon filter (by dot blot hybridization) to the immobilized rRNA of 12 B. wadsworthia strains and eight other anaerobic isolates. The probe efficiently hybridized only to the Bilophila strains. Cross-reactivity at high RNA levels (2,000 ng) was observed with one strain of Bacteroides thetaiotamicron and one strain of Bacteroides fragilis (with 10x SET buffer [20x SET buffer is 0.5 M NaCl, 0.03 M Tris, and 2 mM EDTA]) but was not seen at lower RNA levels or with 5x SET buffer. When tested against mixed cultures of aerobic and anaerobic isolates representative of appendiceal abscess flora, the probe did not react with mixed cultures containing no Bilophila cells and could detect > or = 10(5) Bilophila CFU/ml when the mixture was seeded with Bilophila cells. This probe is of potential use in the rapid identification of pure isolates and in the direct identification of B. wadsworthia in clinical specimens.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Expression of human alpha 1 antitrypsin in transgenic sheep.

We have recently described the production of large amounts (< or = 65 grams per litre) of enzymatically active human alpha 1 antitrypsin in the milk of transgenic sheep (Wright et al., 1991). Here, we describe in more detail the expression of the human protein in the milk of these animals throughout the lactation period. Human alpha 1 antitrypsin is also found at much lower levels in the plasma of transgenic ewes before, during and after lactation. It is also detected in male plasma at very low levels. We have previously shown human alpha 1 antitrypsin purified from transgenic sheep milk to be indistinguishable from commercially available human plasma derived alpha 1 antitrypsin in terms of gross sugar content and in vitro activity. Here we extend this comparison to more detailed analyses of glycosylation state, amino-terminal sequence, pI value, and molecular weight determination by mass spectrometry.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

High level expression of active human alpha-1-antitrypsin in the milk of transgenic sheep.

We describe the generation of five sheep transgenic for a fusion of the ovine beta-lactoglobulin gene promotor to the human alpha 1-antitrypsin (h alpha 1AT) genomic sequences. Four of these animals are female and one male. Analysis of the expression of h alpha 1AT in the milk of three of these females shows that all express the human protein at levels greater than 1 gram per liter. In one case initial levels exceeded 60 grams per liter and stabilized at approximately 35 grams per liter as lactation progressed. Human alpha 1AT purified from the milk of these animals appears to be fully N-glycosylated and has a biological activity indistinguishable from human plasma-derived material.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

In-vitro activity of temafloxacin against anaerobic bacteria: a comparative study.

The antimicrobial activity of temafloxacin for 328 anaerobic bacteria was determined and compared to that of cefotetan, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin and metronidazole. The Wadsworth agar dilution technique using Brucella-lysed sheep blood agar was used throughout. At the recommended breakpoint concentration 4 mg/L, temafloxacin inhibited 60/62 (97%) of the isolates of Bacteroides fragilis and 82/87 (94%) of the isolates of other species of the B. fragilis group. Ninety-six percent of the 24 isolates of Peptostreptococcus, 97% of the 31 isolates of other Bacteroides species and 88% of 66 isolates of Fusobacterium species were also inhibited by 4 mg/L temafloxacin. Metronidazole (breakpoint 16 mg/L) had a broader spectrum of activity than temafloxacin (judged by the percentage of strains tested susceptible at the breakpoints employed) with the exception of non-sporing Gram-positive bacilli. The cephalosporins tested (breakpoint 32 mg/L) had a narrower spectrum of activity. Ciprofloxacin (breakpoint 2 mg/L) was the least effective agent against the majority of the anaerobes tested.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1991

Application of phase-induced lateralization to the Stenger test.

The Stenger test was employed to estimate the genuine hearing thresholds in normally hearing volunteer subjects simulating a total unilateral loss. The test was carried out in its standard form and in a modified form in which a phase shift was introduced between the signal delivered to the two ears, set to produce phase-induced lateralization towards the 'poor' ear. The standard test estimated the thresholds at a mean of 13.5 dB above the true thresholds at five frequencies from 250 Hz to 4 kHz. Thresholds at the different frequencies were compared, and although thresholds were lower for the higher frequencies, the apparent effect of frequency was not statistically significant. The modified test, using a 90 degrees phase shift, was found to enhance the test at 250 and 500 Hz (thresholds estimated at about 7 dB above true values), but not significantly at 1 kHz.

Adult↗