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Biomedical subjects

D Rigaud

Publications and source records attributed to D Rigaud.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Effect of a moderate alcohol intake on the lipoproteins of normotriglyceridemic obese subjects compared with normoponderal controls.

Moderate alcohol intake is frequently associated with an elevated concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which is one of the potential causes for the relative decrease in cardiovascular risk reported in moderate drinkers. Conversely, low HDL concentrations, particularly HDL2, in obese subjects may be a risk factor. The effect of 30 g alcohol daily (wine) during 14 days following a period of abstinence was studied in seven normolipidemic obese subjects (body mass index [BMI], 30 +/- 1.7 kg/m2) compared with seven normoponderal controls (BMI, 22 +/- 1.2 kg/m2). Alcohol caused apolipoprotein (apo) AI and apo AII concentrations to increase in all controls by 12% and 16% (P less than .05), but not in obese subjects. Lipoprotein (Lp) AI HDL particles (without AII) were initially in the same proportions in the two groups. Their increase in controls only (P less than .03) was not matched by an increase in HDL2 in all subjects. In obese subjects, neither Lp AI nor HDL2 were increased by alcohol, but their HDL-triglyceride (TG) contents, initially elevated, were normalized. Cholesterol ester (CE) transfer activity was not different in controls and obese subjects during abstinence (105.7 +/- 40.8 v 104.8 +/- 34.5 mmol/mg protein/h). It was notably depressed by alcohol in controls (74.2 +/- 27.4, P less than .002), but not in obese subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Lack of plasmic beta-endorphin response to a gastronomic meal in healthy humans.

In order to study the relationship between the endogenous opiate system and food intake in man, plasma concentrations of beta-endorphin were measured in ten healthy subjects. Time course of beta-endorphinemia was compared under the following conditions: basal (fasting), after an injection of pentagastrin (6 micrograms/kg), or after a gastronomic meal. No changes in plasma beta-endorphin or ACTH concentrations were observed with pentagastrin nor after the meal, despite the combination of very high sensory pleasure with intake of a very large amount of food. It is concluded that blood beta-endorphin concentration is not a sensitive index of the effects of food intake on the endogenous opioid system in man.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Immunoreactive beta-endorphin increases after an aspartame chocolate drink in healthy human subjects.

It has been claimed that sucrose intake induces a rise in beta-endorphins. In an attempt to discriminate between the sensorial and metabolic effects of sucrose intake in this process, the effects of two chocolate drinks were compared: one sweetened with 50 g of sucrose, the other with 80 mg of aspartame. Plasma beta-endorphin concentrations were more elevated after the aspartame drink than after sucrose or fasting, while insulin increased after drinking as much with aspartame as with sucrose. We suggest that the increase in beta-endorphin after aspartame edulcorated chocolate is related with insulin secretion in the absence of marked changes in blood glucose or with a direct effect of aspartame itself on beta-endorphin liberation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Resting energy expenditure is increased in stable, malnourished HIV-infected patients.

Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured by reference to body composition in 50 malnourished patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and compared with that of 14 healthy subjects. Among HIV patients, 40 had acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 10 had AIDS-related complex (ARC). All were in stable condition and had a previous history of progressive wasting, ie, a mean body weight loss of 14.2 +/- 8.1 kg over 16.6 mo (range 2-49 ms). The mean REE was 14% higher than estimated basal energy expenditure (EBEE), according to the Harris and Benedict formula. Thirty-four patients (68%) were classified as hypermetabolic (REE greater than 110% EBEE). The best predictable variable for REE was fat-free mass (FFM), as determined by an anthropometric method (r = 0.72; P less than 0.001). The mean REE was 12% higher in HIV patients than in the control group FFM (156 +/- 19 vs 124 +/- 17 kJ.kg FFM-1.d-1). We concluded that in stable and malnourished HIV patients, the progressive wasting may be partly related to an increase in REE. The mechanism of this hypermetabolic state remains to be established.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1991

Controlled trial comparing two types of enteral nutrition in treatment of active Crohn's disease: elemental versus polymeric diet.

To determine whether an elemental diet or a polymeric defined formula diet would be more effective for treating active Crohn's disease, we conducted a prospective randomised clinical trial in 30 patients with active Crohn's disease unresponsive to steroids and/or complicated by malnutrition. They received a four to six week enteral nutrition course with either an elemental diet or a polymeric diet. Clinical remission occurred in 10 of the 15 patients on elemental diet compared with 11 of the 15 patients assigned to polymeric diet. Both groups showed similar improvements in nutritional status, biological inflammation, alpha 1 antitrypsin clearance, and colonoscopic lesions (diminished in 17 out of 24 patients). Most patients relapsed during the year after discharge. We conclude that enteral nutrition, whatever the diet, is an efficient primary therapy for active Crohn's disease but does not influence the long term outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Sequential somatostatin and gastrin releases in response to secretin in rat in vivo.

Secretin in known to inhibit gastric acid secretion. Exogenous secretin has also been shown to have a biphasic effect on acid secretion, being stimulatory then inhibitory. To explain this effect, we studied the timing of gastrin, somatostatin, and HCl releases in the gastric lumen in response to an i.v. bolus of secretin (360 pmol) or saline in conscious rats provided with a chronic double gastric fistula and having had or not antrectomy. After secretin but not saline, an immediate and transient increase in acid and gastrin secretions was first observed. After a 4 min lag, a dramatic increase in somatostatin secretion was then observed, together with a 90 percent inhibition of acid secretion and a return of gastrin release to basal level. Twenty min after secretin administration, a rebound increase in acid and gastrin outputs occurred, whereas somatostatin output returned to basal level. The secretin-induced somatostatin release was higher in rats with antrectomy than in those without antrectomy suggesting that the observed somatostatin output mostly originated from the fundus. This present study suggests that a bolus of secretin induced a gastrin release and thus could stimulate acid secretion. These pharmacological findings could provide an explanation for the so-called paradoxical secretin-induced stimulation of gastrin secretion in particular conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Negative allesthesia and decreased endogenous opiate system activity in anorexia nervosa.

The combined effects of an intragastric load of glucose compared to water and of naltrexone compared to placebo were tested on preference for sucrose in six anorectic patients. While in normal subjects, glucose-induced negative allesthesia is known to disappear upon loss of weight, it persisted in anorexia nervosa (AN) despite a major weight loss; furthermore, in contrast with its effects in normoponderal subjects, naltrexone at the dose of 25 mg did not decrease the preference for sucrose nor did it enhance glucose-induced allesthesia. Basal plasma beta endorphin level determined by radioimmunoassay was higher in AN than in normal subjects (75 +/- 6.1 pmoles/l vs. 13 +/- 3.8 pmoles/l) (p less than 0.001). It is suggested that a decrease in endogenous system opiate activity might be associated with food refusal and body weight loss in anorexia nervosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Overweight treated with energy restriction and a dietary fibre supplement: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Fifty-two (41 females, 11 males) overweight patients, mean body mass index (BMI) = 29.3, were treated for 6 months in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design. The treatment consisted of an energy restricted diet and a dietary fibre supplement amounting to 7 g/day. After treatment the weight reduction in the fibre-treated group, 5.5 +/- 0.7 kg, was significantly higher than that of the placebo group, 3.0 +/- 0.5 kg (P = 0.005). Both groups were normotensive and comparable commencing treatment, 126.5/75.6 +/- 2.0/1.3 mm Hg versus 126.7/78.7 +/- 2.5/1.6 mm Hg. The treatment changed blood pressure non-significantly. Hunger feelings using visual analogue scales (VAS) were significantly reduced from 139.8 +/- 8.2 cm to 118.3 +/- 7.0 cm in the fibre-treated group, whereas a significant increase from 129.5 +/- 6.9 cm to 146.9 +/- 8.8 cm (P less than 0.02) was seen in the placebo group. Side-effects were predominantly gastrointestinal and equally distributed in the two groups. It is concluded that a dietary fibre supplement is of value in the management of overweight, enhancing weight loss and decreasing hunger feelings.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effects of a low dose of naltrexone on glucose-induced allesthesia and hunger in humans.

In order to study the effects of a low dose of the opioid antagonist naltrexone on ingestive behavior for sucrose in humans, preference for sucrose solutions and feelings of hunger were scored on visual analogical scale by 14 healthy subjects with or without naltrexone. Effects of intragastric glucose load or water, and naltrexone (25 mg) or placebo were tested. At this low dose, naltrexone alone had a slight effect on allesthesia, and it produced a strong potentiation of glucose-induced allesthesia.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Anorexia nervosa: absence of sensitivity to nutritional protein markers. Study of 23 patients and comparison to a paired group with colonic Crohn's disease].

One of the most important therapeutic goal in anorexia nervosa is to define with the patient a body weight to obtain. To do so, objective criteria are needed. For this purpose, we studied in a longitudinal way, 9 nutritional parameters in 23 patients with anorexia nervosa, as compared with 23 age - and sex - matched patients with Crohn's disease: body weight, tricep's skinfolds, mid-arm muscle circumferences; serum albumin, prealbumin, transferrin, hemoglobin, cholesterol; urinary creatinine and calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper serum levels and urinary outputs. Despite losses of body weight, of lean body mass and of fatty mass higher in patients with anorexia nervosa than in those with Crohn's disease, the former had higher nutritional protein's serum levels than the latter. These nutritional protein markers were not in anorexia nervosa different from normal values. In anorexia patients, zinc and copper serum levels and urinary outputs were very low. This study suggests that nutritional protein markers of hepatic synthesis are not sensitive markers for malnutrition evaluation and can not be used to follow renutrition efficacy.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Tri-annual rhythm of basal acid secretion and secretion stimulated by pentagastrin in duodenal ulcer].

Duodenal ulcer is a recurrent disease with seasonal periodicity for pain and complications such as hemorrhage and perforation. Ulcer craters or symptoms seem to occur preferentially in early spring and autumn. Since acid secretion is one of the pathogenetic factors of the disease, we analyzed retrospectively basal and maximal (pentagastrin) acid secretion data obtained in 341 consecutive patients according to the month in which they were obtained. The patients were classified according to the activity of their ulcer (active, non active) and to the level of the peak acid secretion (hypersecretors, normosecretors). Basal acid concentration and output, and peak acid output were, both overall and month by month, higher in patients with active duodenal ulcer disease than in those who were non active, and in hypersecretors than in normosecretors. For all 341 patients as well as for normosecretors and non active ulcer patients, a triannual rhythm was detected for stimulated acid concentration and peak acid output. The highest values were noted in February, June, and October (period: 4 months). The amplitude of these rhythms was 3 to 4 percent, with differences between highest and lowest values of 30.4 mmol/l for concentration and 17.1 mmol/h for peak acid output. These rhythms for acid secretion during the year may contribute to the periodicity of duodenal ulcer events and should be analyzed in association with other factors which could be implied in ulcerogenesis. Moreover, this seasonal periodicity of acid secretion in duodenal ulcer should be taken into account in all therapeutic trials in which acid secretion is analyzed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Energy expenditure economy induced by decrease in lean body mass in anorexia nervosa.

In anorexia nervosa, the low energy input associated with the classic overactivity during the malnourished state needs a sparing of energy expended at rest and also during physical activity. Therefore, we measured energy expenditure, both at rest and during moderate bicycling exercise (30W, 6 min), in 11 adult anorectic patients (weight 35.15 +/- 4.30 kg, mean +/- s.d.) at the beginning of their treatment and again after a mean weight gain of about 8.4 kg. During the malnourished state, the resting energy expenditure (REE) was lower than that predicted according to Harris and Benedict (P less than 0.001). Although it was significantly increased after weight gain (P less than 0.05), the REE per kg of lean body mass remained unchanged after repletion. The total oxygen consumption related to exercise remained unchanged after refeeding (2114 +/- 487 ml/15 min, basal vs 2168 +/- 394 ml/15 min, repletion) (n.s.). Thus in anorexia nervosa, weight loss and malnutrition did not induce economy either in energy expended at rest per unit of lean body mass nor in the energy expended in moderate cycling activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Delayed gastric emptying in anorexia nervosa is improved by completion of a renutrition program.

The effects of renutrition on gastric emptying and upper gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated in 14 anorexia nervosa patients before and after weight gain. A double-isotope technique was used to measure gastric emptying of both the solid and the liquid phases of the meal. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms were frequent before renutrition, occurring in 78% of the patients. Among these symptoms, nausea, vomiting and gastric fullness were correlated well with slowing in gastric emptying of both solid and liquid phases of the meal, which was demonstrated, respectively, in 10 (71%) and nine (64%) of the 14 patients. For the 11 patients who subsequently gained body weight, we observed, without any pharmacological treatment, an improvement of gastric emptying of both solid and liquid phases of the meal in eight (73%) and seven (64%) patients, respectively. Gastric emptying was unchanged in the three other patients who gained very little weight during the time of the study. As gastric emptying improved, so did nausea, vomiting, and gastric fullness. In three patients who had initially gained weight, nausea and gastric fullness recurred, associated again in all cases with a delay in gastric emptying. In conclusion, in anorexia nervosa, delayed gastric emptying, which is a frequent feature and which is well correlated with some of the upper digestive complaints, can return to normal without any pharmacological treatment. In this improvement, psychological assistance may play a role, together with the correction of the malnutrition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Low high density lipoprotein-2 concentrations in obese male subjects.

In this study we have compared the lipoprotein patterns, in particular HDL subfractions, of 34 obese men to those of 34 normoponderal normolipemic men, matched for age and use of tobacco. Obesity was associated with increased VLDL concentrations in only half the subjects. HDL concentrations in all obese subjects were lower than in matched controls. The decrease was most marked in the HDL2 subfraction in which cholesterol and protein contents were decreased by 50%; it was independent of triglyceride levels and not related to the severity of overweight. Moreover, while HDL2 was negatively correlated with BMI (P less than 0.01) when both populations were considered together, the correlation disappeared when calculated separately within each population, suggesting a threshold effect. The low levels of HDL2 might result from discretely altered lipolysis, not sufficient to cause an elevation in fasting triglyceridemia. In this case, HDL2 should prove to be a sensitive index of lipolytic efficiency.

Adult↗