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Biomedical subjects

D Rose

Publications and source records attributed to D Rose.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Cognitive-behaviour therapy as a treatment for irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic and often disabling functional bowel disorder. Psychological treatments, in particular cognitive and behavioural interventions, have been shown to be effective for this disorder. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of a cognitive-behaviour program. METHOD: Eight participants (seven female, one male) aged between 24 and 71 years, with a diagnosis of IBS according to the Rome criteria, were recruited from among the gastroenterology outpatients at Nepean Hospital, in Sydney, Australia. Participants were administered pretreatment on measures of psychological function and bowel symptom severity. Following a 2-week baseline period, participants began a structured psychological treatment comprising eight sessions of cognitive-behaviour therapy. Throughout treatment, participants maintained daily records of symptom severity and completed homework assignments to ensure treatment compliance. The pretreatment assessment measures were repeated 1 week post-treatment. RESULTS: After treatment, five of the eight patients no longer met the Rome diagnostic criteria for IBS. There was no significant reduction in bowel symptom frequency. There were, however, significant improvements in the distress and disability associated with bowel symptoms. Anxiety and depression were also significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive-behaviour therapy reduced the distress and disability associated with IBS, but not the frequency of bowel symptoms. This supports the proposed cognitive model for IBS, and cognitive-behaviour therapy appears to have its effect by altering the cognitive response to visceral hypersensitivity.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Superior labrum anterior-posterior lesions: diagnosis with MR arthrography of the shoulder.

PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography in the diagnosis of superior labrum anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions of the shoulder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1995 to June 1998, MR arthrography of the shoulder was performed in 159 patients with a history of chronic shoulder pain or instability. Fifty-two patients underwent arthroscopy or open surgery 12 days to 5 months after MR arthrography. Diagnostic criteria for SLAP lesion included marked fraying of the articular aspect of the labrum, biceps anchor avulsion, inferiorly displaced bucket handle fragment, and extension of the tear into the biceps tendon fibers. Surgical findings were correlated with those from MR arthrography. RESULTS: SLAP injuries were diagnosed at surgery in 19 of the 52 patients (37%). Six of the 19 lesions (32%) were classified as type I, nine (47%) as type II, one (5%) as type III, and three (16%) as type IV. MR arthrography had a sensitivity of 89% (17 of 19 patients), a specificity of 91% (30 of 33 patients), and an accuracy of 90% (47 of 52 patients). The MR arthrographic classification showed correlation with the arthroscopic or surgical classification in 13 of 17 patients (76%) in whom SLAP lesions were diagnosed at MR arthrography. CONCLUSION: MR arthrography is a useful and accurate technique in the diagnosis of SLAP lesions of the shoulder. MR arthrography provides pertinent preoperative information with regard to the exact location of tears and grade of involvement of the biceps tendon.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

HyCoSy--as good as claimed?

Hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy) has been compared favourably in the literature with hysterosalpingography (HSG). It does not require ionizing radiation and demonstrates the uterus and ovaries. HyCoSy is reported as being a safe, well tolerated, quick and easy investigation of Fallopian tube patency. Over a 1-year period HyCoSy was performed by two operators on 118 consecutive women who were thought likely to have patent Fallopian tubes. The examinations were graded using a local scale to assess discomfort and were correlated with tubal patency. HSG was performed on 116 patients by the same operators and discomfort recorded. 15 patients underwent both examinations. The degree of pain or reaction was graded 0 (no pain) to 4 (maximum) according to a locally devised scale. Costs of the two examinations were estimated. 89 patients examined by HyCoSy were graded 0-2. However, 23 had severe protracted pain and/or vasovagal reactions with bradycardia and hypotension. Of these, seven required resuscitation owing to prolonged symptoms, requiring treatment with atropine. 19 of the 23 had bilaterally patent Fallopian tubes. Where subsequent HSG was performed, tubal occlusion was confirmed in 8 of 15 women. Other pathologies were noted in 29 of the HyCoSy patients and there were six technical failures. During the same period no severe adverse reactions occurred in 116 patients having HSG performed by the same operators. Three of the HSG examinations were technically unsuccessful. Discomfort following HyCoSy was much greater than that reported previously. Possible mechanisms are discussed but it does not appear to be related to tubal occlusion. Diagnostic accuracy, costs and discomfort compare unfavourably with HSG.

Fallopian Tube Patency Tests↗
PubMed2000

An integrated program for evidence-based medicine in medical school.

To provide optimal care for their patients, clinicians must be able to locate and interpret the most current literature. Teaching the necessary skills to medical students is essential, if we wish to train clinicians to be able to keep up with the expansion of biomedical knowledge for their entire working lives. In this paper, we describe our school's four-year curriculum in evidence-based medicine and the performance of three senior classes on the summative evaluation exercise devised to measure the program's success.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1999

A single growth cone is capable of integrating simultaneously presented and functionally distinct molecular cues during target recognition.

A variety of cell recognition pathways affect neuronal target recognition. However, whether such pathways can converge at the level of a single growth cone is not well known. The RP3 motoneuron in Drosophila has previously been shown to respond to the muscle cell surface molecules TOLL and fasciclin III (FAS3), which are normally encountered during RP3 pathfinding in a sequential manner. TOLL and FAS3, putative "negative" and "positive" recognition molecules, respectively, affect RP3 antagonistically. Under normal conditions, TOLL and FAS3 together improve the accuracy of its target recognition. Here, we show that, when presented with concurrent TOLL and FAS3 expression, RP3 responds to both, integrating their effects. This was demonstrated most succinctly by single cell visualization methods. When a balance in relative expression levels between the two antagonistic cues is achieved, the RP3 growth cone exhibits a phenotype virtually identical to that seen when neither TOLL nor FAS3 is misexpressed. Thus, growth cones are capable of quantitatively evaluating distinct recognition cues and integrating them to attain a net result, in effect responding to the "balance of power" between positive and negative influences. We suggest that the ability to integrate multiple recognition pathways in real-time is one important way in which an individual growth cone interprets and navigates complex molecular environments.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Microdispensing technologies in drug discovery.

Because of the advent of managed care,the pharmaceutical industry is entering a new era, characterized by increased competition and pricing pressures. As a result, drug discovery within pharmaceutical companies is rapidly embracing new paradigms to help bring more novel drugs to the market as rapidly as possible. One paradigm currently being pursued is the miniaturization of the processes involved in the exploratory phase of drug discovery. This reduction in scale has led to the development of new dispensing technologies. This review examines several microdispensing technologies for drug discovery.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Central effects of 5-HT on respiratory rhythm in newborn rats in vivo.

The role of 5-HT in inducing apnoeas (a major element in sudden infant death syndrome) is controversial because while 5-HT is a respiratory depressant in vivo, it evokes respiratory analeptic effects when applied to the isolated brainstem of the newborn rat. In decerebrate newborn rats, the electrical activity of the diaphragm and that of a hypoglossally innervated tongue muscle, as well as the cardiac frequency (Fc), were recorded before and after the application of 5-HT and related agents to the floor of the IVth ventricle. To assess the spontaneous variability in inspiratory frequency (Fi) and Fc, a sham group was studied. A decrease in Fi was observed in response to 5-HT. This respiratory depressant effect was associated with an activation of the tongue muscle, but there was no change in Fc. Application of agonists elicited a small increase in Fi linked to activation of 5-HT1A receptors, and decreases in both Fi and the activity of the tongue muscle resulting predominantly from activation of 5-HT2 receptors. The decrease in Fi was much smaller in newborn rats than that reported in newborn kittens. Indeed, in newborn rats, we did not observe long-lasting apnoeas. Our results differ from those obtained from the newborn rat in vitro, inasmuch as in vivo 5-HT essentially depressed the respiratory rhythm generator. The role of the afferent system appears to be crucial in modulating the action of 5-HT.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1999

Binocular and monocular detection of Gabor patches in binocular two-dimensional noise.

Contrast thresholds for detecting sine-wave Gabor patches in two-dimensional externally added random-pixel noise were measured. Thresholds were obtained for monocular and binocular signals in the presence of spatial correlated (identical) and uncorrelated (independent) noise in the two eyes. Measurements were obtained at four different spectral densities of noise (including zero). Thresholds were higher for monocular stimuli than for binocular, and higher in the presence of correlated noise compared to uncorrelated noise. The magnitude of binocular summation, similar in correlated and uncorrelated noise, decreased with increasing noise strength. The independent contributions of internal noise and sampling efficiency to detection were analysed. Sampling efficiencies were higher for binocular than for monocular viewing for both types of noise, with values being higher with uncorrelated noise. Binocular stimuli showed a lower equivalent noise level compared to the mean monocular case for both types of noise.

Contrast Sensitivity↗
PubMed1999

The historical roots of the theories of local signs and labelled lines.

The theories of labelled lines and local signs are commonly invoked to explain numerous perceptual phenomena. These theories postulate that perceptual systems use information about which nerve cells or which information channels are activated by the stimulus. The origins of this idea in nineteenth century German psychophysics are traced. From Descartes's idea of a dualistic mind, Kant's idea of a mental ability to conceive space, Da Vinci's ideas of pictorial 'signs', and Müller's idea of 'specific nerve energies' to explain perceptual qualities, Steinbuch, Lotze, and others derived the conclusion that neural-level signs exist that signal stimulus location to the mind. Helmholtz, Hering, and others soon suggested variations on this basic idea. By the time of James the theory had changed yet again. It was revived elsewhere in the 1920s and again in the 1970s, although used implicitly by many workers in between and since. Against a modern metaphysical background, however, a distinction between labels (hardware) and signs (symbols) is the minimum step needed towards an appropriate and comprehensive explanation of perceptual behaviour and experience.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1999

Economic determinants and dietary consequences of food insecurity in the United States.

This paper reviews recent research on the economic determinants and dietary consequences of food insecurity and hunger in the United States. The new Current Population Study (CPS) food insecurity and hunger measure shows that hunger rates decline sharply with rising incomes. Despite this strong relationship, confirmed in other national datasets, a one-to-one correspondence between poverty-level incomes and hunger does not exist. In 1995, 13.1% of those in poverty experienced hunger and half of those experiencing hunger had incomes above the poverty level. Panel data indicate that those who are often food insufficient are much more likely than food-sufficient households to have experienced recent events that stress household budgets, such as losing a job, gaining a household member or losing food stamps. Cross-sectional work also demonstrates the importance of food stamps because benefit levels are inversely related to food insufficiency. Concern for the dietary consequences of domestic food insufficiency is well placed; recent research shows that the odds of consuming intakes <50% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) are higher for adult women and elderly individuals from food-insufficient households. Preschoolers from food-insufficient households do not consume significantly lower amounts than those from food-sufficient households, but mean intakes for the rest of members in those very same households are significantly lower for the food insufficient. This research highlights the importance of food insecurity and hunger indicators, further validates the use of self-reported measures and points to areas of need for future research and interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Emotions and psychopathology.

Few psychological assessment instruments exist for Jamaicans. Studies that address the appropriateness of foreign instruments for Jamaicans are sparse and empirical focus on psychopathology and its aetiology in Jamaican adults is virtually nonexistent. The present study addressed these deficits via Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) which revealed that factors on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were not replicated for a Jamaican sample (N = 352). Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) on the TAS-20 revealed one factor labelled Unawareness and Confusion Regarding Emotions (UCRE). Also, EFA yielded six BSI dimensions labelled Somatic Complaints, Paranoia, Hostility, Mild Depression/Dysthymia, Major Depression with Psychotic Features, and Agoraphobia with Panic. Regression analyses on the Jamaican-based TAS-20 and BSI factors revealed a positive relationship between UCRE and each BSI factor and total BSI score. Mild Depression, Agoraphobia with Panic, Paranoia, Hostility, Mild Depression and Major Depression were higher for women and younger Jamaicans, respectively, but younger Jamaicans with higher UCRE scores had higher scores on Paranoia, Major Depression, and total score. The findings suggest that Jamaican mental health policy and programmes should focus on the difficulties some Jamaicans experience in recognising and expressing their emotions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A nematode kinesin required for cleavage furrow advancement.

Dividing cells need to coordinate the separation of chromosomes with the formation of a cleavage plane. There is evidence that microtubule bundles in the interzone region of the anaphase spindle somehow control both the location and the assembly of the cleavage furrow [1-3]. A microtubule motor that concentrates in the interzone, MKLP1, has previously been implicated in the assembly of both the metaphase spindle and the cleavage furrow [4-6]. To gain insight into mechanisms that might underlie interdependence of the spindle and the cleavage furrow, we used RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) to study the effects of eliminating MKLP1 from Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Surprisingly, in MKLP1(RNAi) embryos, spindle formation appears normal until late anaphase. Microtubule bundles form in the spindle interzone and the cleavage furrow assembles; anaphase and cleavage furrow ingression initially appear normal. The interzone bundles do not gather into a stable midbody, however, and furrow contraction always fails before complete closure. This sequence of relatively normal mitosis and a late failure of cytokinesis continues for many cell cycles. These and additional results suggest that the interzone microtubule bundles need MKLP1 to encourage the advance and stable closure of the cleavage furrow.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Motion perception: from phi to omega.

When human observers view dynamic random noise, such as television 'snow', through a curved or annular aperture, they experience a compelling illusion that the noise is moving smoothly and coherently around the curve (the 'omega effect'). In several series of experiments, we have investigated the conditions under which this effect occurs and the possible mechanisms that might cause it. We contrast the omega effect with 'phi motion', seen when an object suddenly changes position. Our conclusions are that the visual scene is first segmented into objects before a coherent velocity is assigned to the texture on each object's surface. The omega effect arises because there are motion mechanisms that deal specifically with object rotation and these interact with pattern mechanisms sensitive to curvature.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

"Painting" the target: how local molecular cues define synaptic relationships.

A majority of studies on neuronal growth cones focus on the features that particular groups of neurons share. In contrast, questions such as how specific growth cones respond very differently to the same extrinsic cues require cell-specific experimentation. The most succinct cell-specific growth cone responses occur during synaptic targeting. Recent studies have examined one specific growth cone, the Drosophila RP3 motoneuron growth cone, in variously altered microenvironments. In this review, we summarize how such studies are beginning to uncover the repertoire of extrinsic cues that influence the synaptic targeting of a single growth cone.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Psychological and socio-medical aspects of HIV/AIDS: a reflection on publications in AIDS care (1989-1995).

It is necessary to consider the content and methods of AIDS social research publications for these represent research advances as well as current issues of concern for practitioners, communities and researchers alike. This article critically examines some of the research that has been conducted to date into social aspects of HIV and AIDS. It quantifies the content and major methodological style of publications in the journal AIDS Care from 1989 to 1995. The most commonly published topic area in AIDS Care, during this period was cultural and demographic issues (15.9%), followed by issues pertinent to the psychological impact of HIV (13.6%), sexual behaviour and condom use (11.3%) and policy and services (9.5%). Research and measurement issues were the least examined content area in AIDS Care 1989-1995 (2.6%). This article discusses possible variables that influence the style and topics that are published in AIDS Care and makes suggestions for authors to consider before embarking on future research projects or publications.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

Household participation in the Food Stamp and WIC programs increases the nutrient intakes of preschool children.

We examined the effects of household participation in the Food Stamp and WIC Nutrition Programs on the nutrient intakes of preschoolers using data from the 1989-1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals. Nonbreastfeeding children, 1-4 y of age, with 3 d of dietary data and whose households had incomes < 130% of the poverty level were included in the study sample (n = 499). Nutrient adequacy ratios for each of 15 nutrients were the dependent variables in multiple regression models that controlled for the following: age, sex and ethnicity of the individual; income, size and location of the household; schooling of the household head; home ownership; school lunch and breakfast participation; and season in which the interview was conducted. WIC benefits positively influenced (P < 0. 05) the intakes of 10 nutrients. For iron and zinc, the average increase due to WIC represented 16.6 and 10.6%, respectively, of the preschooler recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for these nutrients. The same analyses of the Food Stamp Program revealed increases in five nutrients. For iron and zinc, the average increase due to Food Stamps represented 12.3 and 9.2%, respectively, of the preschooler RDA. The effects of the WIC Program on the intakes of iron and zinc were greater than that of cash income, and neither program affected the intakes of fat, saturated fat or cholesterol.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Development of scales to measure psychosocial care needs of children with seizures and their parents. 1.

There is little research and no self-report assessment instruments available to guide nurses in the provision of psychosocial care to children with seizures and their families. Information on the development of two instruments, Report of Psychosocial Care Scale and Child Report of Psycyhosocial Care Scale, and their use in a research study to measure psychosocial care of children with new-onset seizures and their parents are presented in three parts. This first article describes development and initial testing of their psychometric properties. The second article, Part 2, "Psychosocial Care Needs of Parents of Children with New-Onset Seizures," describes results from the use of the parent scale with mothers and fathers of children with new-onset seizures. The third article, Part 3, "Psychosocial Care Needs of Children with New-Onset Seizures," reports findings from the use of the child scale with children ages 8-14 years with new-onset seizures.

Adaptation, Psychological↗