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Biomedical subjects

D S Svikis

Publications and source records attributed to D S Svikis.

50 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Sex differences in tobacco withdrawal syndrome.

Prospective data from an inpatient (n = 20) and outpatient (n = 50) study were examined for sex differences in tobacco withdrawal symptoms. With each subject serving as his/her own control, changes in a wide range of physiological, psychological and behavioral measures were determined from baseline to tobacco abstinence condition. For all 46 measures, no statistically significant differences between men and women were found in either the number or severity of tobacco withdrawal symptoms.

Chewing Gum↗
PubMed1986

Smoking behavior of type A and type B smokers.

Retrospective surveys have compared smoking between Type A and Type B individuals; however, prospective studies using objective measures have not been reported. In Study 1, we used an ambulatory smoking recorder to compare the smoking behavior of Type A and Type B smokers. Individual smoking behaviors and the derived tobacco and nicotine exposures were similar for Type A and Type B smokers. In Study 2, we compared serum nicotine before and after smoking a cigarette between Type A and Type B smokers. Pre-cigarette and post-cigarette nicotine levels and nicotine boost were similar for Type A and Type B smokers. We conclude that Type A and Type B smokers do not differ in smoking behavior or tobacco and nicotine intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Consistency of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome.

The consistency of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome across repeated periods of abstinence was tested using a modified A-B-A-B design. The large majority of the signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal occurred during abstinence, returned to baseline, and then recurred during a second abstinence period. This finding suggests that the syndrome is reliable and can be studied with within-subject designs.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

Orally delivered pentobarbital as a reinforcer for rhesus monkeys with concurrent access to water: effects of concentration, fixed-ratio size, and liquid positions.

The number of liquid deliveries and pattern of concurrent pentobarbital and water drinking were studied in three food deprived rhesus monkeys during daily 3-hr sessions. During the daily sessions, deliveries of approximately 0.6 ml of each liquid occurred under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of lip contact responses. Between sessions water was freely available. Session drinking was studied as a function of pentobarbital concentration (1.0, 1.41, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/ml) and FR size (4, 8, 16 and 32 lip contacts per delivery). The number of drug deliveries decreased with increases in drug concentration. Drug intake ranged from 21 to 52 mg/kg of body wt./3-hr session. At all concentrations and FR values tested, the number of pentobarbital deliveries substantially exceeded the number of water deliveries. The positive reinforcing effect of the pentobarbital was indicated by a consistent choice of drug over water irrespective of the side position of pentobarbital and by higher rates of drug responding. Pentobarbital drinking occurred in a negatively accelerated pattern whereas water drinking did not have any consistent pattern. Marked intoxication followed bouts of drug drinking.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Familial density of alcoholism: effects on psychophysiological responses to ethanol.

Recent research findings suggest that the patterning of familial alcoholism may critically determine ethanol sensitivity and severity of alcohol-related problems in the offspring. The present study examined the effects of familial alcoholism density on psychophysiological responses to ethanol administration in college males. Subjects with a positive family history of alcoholism were classified into affected biological father only (LD-FHP) versus both father and at least one second-degree affected relative (HD-FHP), and were compared to family history negative (FHN) subjects. Subjects received 1 g/kg ethanol or placebo in a double-blind procedure. A battery of subjective, physiological and psychomotor measures were collected once prior to and four times following drink administration. HD-FHP subjects showed significantly greater subjective effects, body sway and skin conductance after alcohol ingestion than either FHN or LD-FHP subjects; in contrast, there was no difference on any measure for LD-FHP versus FHN subjects. Our findings of increased ethanol sensitivity as a function of familial density of alcoholism strongly suggest the importance of carefully defining family history characteristics in all studies examining potential markers or risk factors for alcoholism.

Alcoholism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical and psychosocial characteristics of substance-dependent pregnant women with and without PTSD.

The present study compared psychiatric and psychosocial functioning in 123 pregnant opiate- and/or cocaine-dependent women with and without a comorbid diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants were enrolled in a comprehensive perinatal drug treatment program and completed assessments upon admission. Lifetime diagnostic prevalence of PTSD [Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders (SCID) confirmed] among the sample was 19%. Participants with PTSD (n=24) reported greater need for psychiatric treatment, were more likely to report a previous suicide attempt, and had more previous drug treatments than participants without PTSD (n=99). Women with PTSD were twice as likely to have lifetime Axis I and Axis II disorders and had higher rates of abuse than women without PTSD. Lifetime sexual abuse and ASI family/social composite scores were significant predictors of PTSD. Findings suggest that pregnant drug-dependent women with comorbid PTSD may benefit from specialized treatment services for trauma and/or abuse issues.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improving treatment outcomes for pregnant drug-dependent women using low-magnitude voucher incentives.

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of low-magnitude behavioral incentives in improving attendance for abstinence-treated patients and sustaining illicit-drug abstinence for methadone-treated patients. Subjects were randomly assigned to either incentive or control conditions, with target behaviors differing for the two patient groups (attendance for abstinence-treated and abstinence for methadone-treated patients). Controls received no incentives, whereas incentive subjects could earn $5/day in vouchers during the first 7 days of an intensive outpatient treatment. Results showed that $5/day did not significantly improve attendance in abstinence-treated patients or impact drug abstinence in methadone-treated patients. The data suggest that low-magnitude voucher incentives enhanced treatment attendance by methadone-treated subjects. Although modest monetary incentives had some utility in improving attendance in methadone-treated patients, more potent interventions are needed to improve attendance and maintain abstinence in this high-risk population.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relapse by alcohol abusers.

During the first year after treatment, 44% of a sample of alcohol abusers reported relapse to alcohol use. Relapse rate increased to a peak at 6 months after treatment and then declined. Depressed or anxious mood was the reason most frequently given (31%) for relapse. Of subjects who relapsed, almost half (42%) reported a subsequent return to abstinence which was then maintained for the remainder of the followup period. Of these subjects, half (51%) reported the duration of the drinking period to be less than 2 weeks. Of subjects showing a daily drinking pattern prior to treatment, 20% showed a daily drinking pattern after relapse, 46% showed bouts of drinking and abstinence, and 33% showed abstinence with no further drinking. Of subjects showing bouts of drinking prior to treatment, none showed a daily drinking pattern after relapse, 44% showed bouts of drinking and abstinence, and 56% showed abstinence with no further drinking. There was no significant effect of sex or age on relapse rate, time to relapse, or reasons for relapse.

Adolescent↗