Various technical professions such as orthopedics and dentistry were introduced into the universities of Bavaria in the early 19th Century. The representatives of these professions were craftsmen who first had to legally become "doctors" before they could regularly take part in specialized treatment technology and firmly establish their originally technical discipline in an academic setting. A case study is used to paradigmatically illustrate how this course of developments subsequent to the Bavarian Medical Reform of 1808, which was intended to bridge all gaps for these marginal professions, ever became possible and to describe the role of the State in the establishment of technical specialties. It turned out that some of the newly formed fields that were formerly specialized technical trades did not fit into the rigid medical legislative system. This led to great uncertainty about various legal positions in the sector where medical and police regulations did not apply. In this "unlegislated sector", government jurists--not medical boards--made decisions regarding the further development of the new specialty. Economics and public health policies became important factors in view of the demand for services in the new specialty field. This created more freedom of action for "technical" medical specialties that were in great demand.

Education, Medical↗

PubMed1993

[2 images of the orthopedist Johann Georg Heine (1771-1838)].

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Germany↗

PubMed1992

[Not Available].

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Germany↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The later years of Johann Georg Heine in The Netherlands (1828-1838)].

Recent reviews of the archives with respect to the last years of life of J. G. Heine necessitate a revision of his respective image. His late bizarre personal and professional opinions can no longer be considered merely as misdevelopments due to advanced age and without scientific value. Modern research rather considers the personal development of J. G. Heine as the expression of an increasingly manifesting psychosis, dominating his life and work decisively during the concluding years of his life. His seemingly "confused work at old age" can however not be explained solely by these circumstances, but can be understood within the historic concept only, as a curing system of the romantic period characteristic for that time. In spite of all errors and mistakes resulting from this standpoint, the system contains numerous valuable approaches and advanced ideas. J. G. Heine has not yet received much credit for them, but several of them are now common concepts of modern medicine.

History, 19th Century↗