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Biomedical subjects

D Shopland

Publications and source records attributed to D Shopland.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Use of discount cigarettes by smokers in 20 communities in the United States, 1988-1993.

OBJECTIVE: To examine characteristics of smokers associated with the use of discount and generic cigarettes. DESIGN: Data for this analysis come from two population-based cross-sectional telephone surveys (1988 survey n = 32952; 1993 survey n = 11783) and a cohort tracking survey (n = 11966) of smokers aged 25-64 years conducted in 20 communities in the United States between 1988 and 1993 as part of the National Cancer Institute's Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation. OUTCOME MEASURES: In each survey, current smokers were asked to report the six-digit UPC code displayed on the side of the pack of their current cigarettes. Respondents who did not have a pack available or who could not locate the UPC code number were asked to report their usual brand of cigarettes smoked. A master list of UPC code numbers was developed so that reported UPC codes could be associated with specific cigarette brand names. Brand name cigarettes were categorised as either premium or discount brands using information from the Maxwell consumer report. Respondents who reported smoking "no name" generic cigarettes were classified as smoking a discount cigarette. RESULTS: The reported use of discount/generic cigarettes increased from 6.2% in 1988 to 23.4% in 1993. The trend toward increased use of lower priced cigarettes was evident in all 20 communities studied. The use of low priced cigarettes was associated with lower household income, higher daily cigarette consumption, and residence in an area with higher average cigarette prices. Respondents using discount/generic cigarettes were less likely to stop smoking or to reduce cigarette consumption between 1988 and 1993 compared with those using premium brand cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of discount/generic cigarettes has made smoking more affordable, which most likely has helped the cigarette industry retain customers sensitive to price, who might have otherwise reduced consumption or stop smoking altogether.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Discrepancies in cigarette brand sales and adult market share: are new teen smokers filling the gap?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent and type of cigarette brand switching by adult smokers. To evaluate discrepancies between actual and projected cigarette brand sales based on changes in adult smoking patterns. DESIGN: Data analysed come from a cohort tracking survey of 11966 cigarette smokers aged 25-64 years from 20 communities in the United States who were followed between 1988 and 1993 as part of the National Cancer Institute's Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation. OUTCOME MEASURES: Respondents were asked about their current cigarette brand in 1988 and 1993. Brand switching was inferred when a smoker reported a different cigarette brand in 1988 and 1993. Company switching was defined as brand switching for whom a different parent company was identified for the 1993 brand compared with the brand used in 1988. A ratio measure was computed to reflect gains in market share from brand switching and losses from brand switching, quitting, and death, for specific cigarette brands, between 1988 and 1993. This ratio measure was used to estimate the projected unit sales for top-selling premium brands in 1993 and was compared with actual unit sales for the same year. RESULTS: We estimate that an average of 9.5% of smokers switched cigarettes brands and 7.6% switched companies each year. Most of those who did switch cigarette brands changed from a premium brand to a discount or generic brand. Between 1988 and 1993, top-selling premium brands such as Marlboro, Camel, and Newport, lost about four times as many adult smokers as they gained. Whereas premium brand cigarettes lost some smokers to discount and generic cigarettes, over 50% of losses were due to smokers quitting or dying. Actual unit sales were substantially higher than projected sales (based on adult market share) for Marlboro and Camel, but not for other brands. CONCLUSIONS: Most smokers are brand loyal. Price seems to be an important factor motivating brand switching among adult smokers. It appears that recruitment of new customers among the ranks of non-smokers is necessary for premium cigarette brands such as Marlboro and Camel to maintain sales comparable to previous years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study for cancer prevention: an overview.

The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) is a programme to implement proven interventions in 17 states across the United States. ASSIST applies all that we have learned in 10 years of research on tobacco use prevention and control. The goal of this seven-year project is to reduce the prevalence of smoking and cigarette consumption in the ASSIST states. The scientific basis for ASSIST is described, followed by a general description of the project and its current status in the 17 targeted states.

Advertising↗
PubMed1994

The illegal sale of cigarettes to US minors: estimates by state.

Data available from recent national surveys on the cigarette consumption and purchasing practices of teenage smokers were used to generate state-specific estimates of the number of teenage smokers and cigarette sales to minors. In 1991, approximately 2.7 million teenage cigarette smokers consumed an average of 28.3 million cigarettes per day (516 million packs per year). An estimated 255 million packs of cigarettes were sold illegally to minors in 1991. To make cigarettes and other tobacco products less accessible to minors, policymakers should consider implementing various legislative and economic measures such as banning cigarette vending machines and raising tobacco excise taxes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Does tobacco advertising target young people to start smoking? Evidence from California.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether tobacco advertising encourages teenagers younger than 18 years to start smoking. DESIGN: Comparison of 1990 California telephone survey data with data from a 1986 national telephone survey (both used a random-digit dialing system); 95% confidence intervals were calculated. To test our hypothesis, we considered whether the perception of advertising was related to age, whether the pattern of market share across age and sex groups followed the pattern of perceived advertising, and whether changes in market share paralleled changes in advertising as perceived by the youngest age group. PARTICIPANTS: There were 24,296 adults and 5040 teenagers. RESULTS: The most advertised brands of cigarettes were Marlboro, according to 33.6% of adults and 41.8% of teenagers, and Camel, according to 13.7% of adults and 28.5% of teenagers--named most often by 12- to 13-year-olds (34.2%). The brands that were purchased most often were Marlboro and Camel. Together these were the brands of choice of 79.9% of males and 85% of females aged 12 through 17 years. Marlboro's market share increased in youths and young adults up to age 24 years and then decreased gradually with age; Camel's market share decreased abruptly with age: it was the brand of choice of 24.5% +/- 5.8% of males aged 12 through 17 years but was chosen by only 12.7% +/- 3.6% of males aged 18 through 24 years; for females, 21.7% +/- 13.7% aged 12 through 17 years chose Camels, while only 5.5% +/- 3.2% aged 18 through 24 years preferred this brand. Both Marlboro and Camel brands had a higher market share in California in 1990 compared with that for the United States in 1986. Of interest is that the market share for Camel increased among the younger smokers but was more evenly distributed for Marlboro. CONCLUSIONS: Perception of advertising is higher among young smokers; market-share patterns across age and sex groups follow the perceived advertising patterns; and changes in market share resulting from advertising occur mainly in younger smokers. Cigarette advertising encourages youth to smoke and should be banned.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

National age and sex differences in quitting smoking.

The 1986 Adult Use of Tobacco Survey conducted by the Office on Smoking and Health of the Centers for Disease Control asked detailed questions on smoking behavior from a representative sample of 13,031 Americans. Using a smoking continuum developed from that survey as an index, it was postulated that a hard-core group of smokers would be overrepresented in some categories of this continuum in certain groups of the population. In this survey, more women than men who had quit in the preceding year had relapsed to smoking by the time of the survey. However, the fact that similar proportions of men and women had quit smoking for between one and five years suggested that the difference might not have involved the proportion who relapsed but only the timing of that relapse. Smokers over the age of 65 are more likely both to attempt to quit and to continue abstaining than those between ages 25 and 64. Results from this survey do not indicate a major group of smokers who either resist change or who feel unable to quit successfully.

Adolescent↗