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Biomedical subjects

D T James

Publications and source records attributed to D T James.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Fine needle aspiration cytology of pulmonary lesions: a reliable diagnostic test.

The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of image-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of pulmonary lesions. A retrospective study was undertaken of 286 patients with 288 lesions, who underwent a total of 302 procedures. The FNAC diagnoses were reported as malignant, suspicious, atypical, benign or non-diagnostic. Subsequently the FNAC diagnoses were correlated with either the histological or clinical diagnoses. Of the 288 lesions, 64.6% were reported on FNAC as malignant, 2.1% suspicious, 2.4% atypical, 20.8% benign and 10.1% nondiagnostic. On review of the suspicious, atypical, selected benign cases and non-diagnostic FNAC by an independent pathologist there was agreement with the original FNAC diagnosis in all cases. All of 186 malignant FNAC diagnoses were confirmed malignant either clinically or on subsequent histology. Four of the six suspicious FNAC diagnoses had a malignant outcome, one patient had organising pneumonia on excision biopsy and one was lost to follow up. Six of the seven atypical FNAC diagnoses were confirmed on histology as malignant, while one lesion resolved spontaneously. Fifty-two of 60 benign FNAC diagnoses were confirmed benign either clinically or on histology. Seven of the lesions diagnosed as benign on FNAC were proven to be malignant. One patient with a benign FNAC diagnosis was lost to follow-up. Ten of the 29 non-diagnostic FNAC group were later shown on clinical or histological follow up to be malignant. This study shows that image guided FNAC for the diagnosis of malignant pulmonary lesions has a sensitivity of at least 92% and a specificity of at least 96%. It is a reliable diagnostic test although its accuracy is limited by technical difficulties in obtaining an adequate sample.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2001

The effects of irrelevant speech and articulatory suppression on the serial recall of silently presented lipread digits.

The immediate serial recall of lipread material is disrupted by irrelevant speech (Campbell & Dodd, 1984; Jones, 1994) and by articulatory suppression (Campbell & Dodd, 1984). However, the interaction between these has not been directly examined. In Exp 1, participants recalled silently presented lipread digits in conditions of quiet, irrelevant speech, articulatory suppression and suppression/speech combined. Irrelevant speech disrupted recall, but not when articulation was suppressed. Experiment 2 demonstrated that participants were able to accurately lipread targets in all of the above experimental conditions. A third experiment contrasted predictions derived from the phonological loop model (PL; Baddeley, 1986) and the changing state hypothesis (CSH; Jones, 1993). The CSH predicts that tones and speech that vary in frequency to the same degree will disrupt recall equally (Jones & Macken, 1993), whereas the PL model implies that speech will always be more disruptive. The results support the CSH, and extend the findings of Jones and Macken (1993) to account for lipread stimuli. As with graphic presentation, the CSH provides a better account of the processes underpinning the irrelevant speech effect; however, it is argued that the recoding hypothesis from the PL model should be retained.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Apocrine adenoma of the breast: diagnosis on large core needle biopsy.

Apocrine adenoma is a rare benign epithelial tumour of the breast that can radiologically present as a well-defined opacity. The clinical, radiological and pathological findings of apocrine adenoma of the breast in a 72-year-old woman are described. Histologically, the tumour is characterised by a circumscribed proliferation of metaplastic apocrine cells which may contain calcifications. Pathological assessment of the lesion is essential in making the diagnosis.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1999

Experienced laparoscopic surgeons are automated to the "fulcrum effect": an ergonomic demonstration.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The inversion of the normal laparoscopic image around the Y-axis has been shown to facilitate the rate of learning of a laparoscopic task in novice subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Y-axis image inversion on the performance of experienced laparoscopic surgeons; this had not been previously investigated. METHODS: A total of 16 experienced surgeons,who had already carried out more than 50 operative laparoscopic procedures, and 16 novice participants, who had carried out no procedures, were required to make multiple defined incisions under laparoscopic laboratory conditions within ten 1-minute periods. Participants were randomly allocated to perform the task under either normal or Y-axis inverted imaging conditions (eight experienced surgeons and eight novices in each condition). RESULTS: Y-axis inversion had a significant detrimental effect on the performance of the surgeons, whilst facilitating the performance of novices. The surgeons however, adapted to the inverted condition rapidly, showing a significant improvement in performance over the ten trials. CONCLUSIONS: The Y-axis-inverted image has a detrimental effect on the performance of experienced surgeons, indicating that they have automated to the "fulcrum effect" of the abdominal wall on instrument manipulation. Y-axis-image inversion was found to facilitate significant learning trends, regardless of the participants' level of experience.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1992

Infarcation of a jejunal leiomyoma presenting as an acute abdomen.

Leiomyomata of the small intestine are rare benign tumours of the small intestine that usually present with gastrointestinal bleeding, vague abdominal pains or small bowel obstruction. A case is reported of a patient who presented with an acute abdomen due to infarction of a leiomyoma of the proximal jejunum.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed1990

Potential users' needs for information about expert systems.

Three questions concerning potential users' knowledge about Expert Systems (ESs) were investigated by means of a questionnaire survey which was distributed to over 1100 members of the Northern Irish business community. The first question concerned the existing level of knowledge about, and use of ESs. The second asked about demand for such knowledge from within the business community; and the third area of concern was the degree of technical knowledge that ES users should be expected or presumed to possess. 22% of the 275 respondents claimed some knowledge of ESs and 3% had used them. Almost 80% asked for further information about ESs. The majority of those few who had used them appeared to have a fairly sketchy notion of the functional principles of ESs. It was concluded that potential users of ESs should not necessarily be expected or required to understand the theory and principles on which such systems work. Rather, the ergonomist needs to devise means whereby the strengths, limitations and probabilistic nature of the advice that ESs give are always readily apparent to users.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Posttrial d-amphetamine sulfate and one-trail learning in mice.

Experiments are reported which show that 2 mg/kg of d-amphetamine sulfate injected intravenously immediately after footshock on a one-trail passive aviodance learning task impairs the performance of mice in retention tests 24 and 96 hr late. When the injection is delayed by as little as 90 sec, no such impairment is seen. A similar intravenous injection immediately after the learning trail of a water-rewarded one-trail appetitive task has no discernible affect on performance in retention trails 24 hr and 6 wk later. It is argued that the effects of the amphetamines on learning behavior depend on whether reward or punishment is involoved and, further, that all such effects could be accounted for in terms of the drugs' influence on memory mechanisms.

Animals↗