Biomedical subjects
D W Goodwin
Publications and source records attributed to D W Goodwin.
Plantar compartments of the foot: MR appearance in cadavers and diabetic patients.
PURPOSE: To demonstrate the plantar compartments of the foot on magnetic resonance (MR) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The plantar compartments of four cadaveric feet underwent MR imaging and were sectioned. Fifteen MR studies in 11 patients with compartmental fluid were evaluated. The epicenter of infection was determined from review of the history, radiographs, and MR images. RESULTS: In the cadaveric feet, distribution of contrast material conformed to the compartmental anatomic features. MR findings in the specimen correlated exactly with gross findings. All seven feet with infection centered at the second through fourth metatarsal heads demonstrated only central compartment fluid. In seven of eight feet with a more medial or lateral epicenter of infection, fluid was seen in the lateral or medial compartment and in the central compartment. In one foot with a lateral epicenter of infection, fluid was confined to the lateral compartment. CONCLUSION: MR imaging accurately depicts the compartmental anatomic features of the foot.
Thirty-year follow-up of men at high risk for alcoholism.
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The relationship between phallometrically measured deviant sexual arousal and clinical characteristics in juvenile sexual offenders.
The current study examined the relationship between clinical characteristics and a phallometrically derived deviance quotient index in two samples of 44 and 54 juvenile sex offenders. Results support an association between higher measured deviant arousal and having a male victim only, consistent with the literature on adult child molesters. However, results reflected greater fluidity in the offense patterns of the juvenile offenders, and generally less correspondence between measured arousal and offense histories than what has been cited for adults. The authors review whether there is empirical support for a conditioning model of deviant arousal onset in juveniles, and suggest caution in the interpretation of phallometric data with this population.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder.
MRI has rapidly become a commonly used technique for evaluation of the shoulder. It provides a wealth of information regarding the entire shoulder girdle, and it is the most accurate noninvasive method available for imaging the rotator cuff. There have been numerous technical improvements in MRI in the relatively short time that clinical MRI has been in existence. Further refinements in design, new imaging sequences, and additional clinical experience should help to increase the accuracy and flexibility of this imaging modality.
Alcohol as muse.
It has been argued that American writers do not drink any more than American plumbers. If so, as one commentator said, American plumbing would be a mess. No one can question the fact that American writers in this century have been excessive drinkers. Explanations why this might occur are presented in this paper. Walker Percy locates the problem in the dualing hemispheres of the brain. Others think alcohol is (as Hemingway said) a good way to end the day and shut off the creative process. An historian has proposed that alcoholics are loners, that writers also are loners, and this is why so many writers are alcoholic. Although the argument for this view is persuasive, it does not explain why the United States has so many more alcoholic writers than other countries, or, why the "epidemic" occurred in the twentieth century. Alcohol was largely not a problem for Americans in earlier centuries and, although there have been alcoholic writers in European countries, their numbers never approached a majority. Drinking is the "joy of Russia," but there have been very few alcoholic Russian writers. Dylan Thomas, Brendan Behan, and Evelyn Waugh notwithstanding, alcoholic writers have not been common in the United Kingdom or Ireland. It is easy to think of reasons why writers drink. It is more difficult to explain why so many drank in this country during this century.
Inpatient treatment of alcoholism--new life for the Minneapolis plan.
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The genetics of alcoholism.
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Childhood antecedents of antisocial behavior: parental alcoholism and physical abusiveness.
Hierarchical logistic regression was used to assess the independent and interactive effects of paternal alcoholism and physical child abuse on antisocial behavior in young adult men. Men with alcoholic fathers (N = 131) did not report or exhibit more antisocial behavior than comparison subjects (N = 70). Men with physical abuse histories, however, reported more aggressive and antisocial behaviors during a clinical interview and were rated by a clinical interviewer as more likely to act out aggression. Arrest records did not distinguish the groups. There was no evidence that paternal alcoholism and childhood victimization interacted to increase the risk of antisocial behavior.
Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials after alcohol administration among men at risk for alcoholism.
The P100 component of the pattern reversal visual evoked potential was used to compare men at high risk for alcoholism and control subjects before and after a low (0.5 g/kg) dose of ethanol. The high risk and control subjects did not differ in age, self-reported ethanol consumption, or estimates of ethanol metabolism rates, but changes in the occipital P100 latency differentiated them following ethanol administration. The P100 latency changes that distinguished high risk from control subjects were lateralized and provide preliminary evidence that perceptual visual stimulus processing is differentially affected in the two groups following ethanol administration.
EEG identification of subgroups of men at risk for alcoholism?
Biological sons of male alcoholics constitute one group at high risk (HR) for the development of alcoholism, and were the subjects of this study. A low dose of alcohol (0.5 g/kg) was administered to HR and control subjects. On the basis of changes in the electroencephalographic (EEG) mean alpha frequency that occurred following alcohol administration, two HR subgroups were identified. Measures obtained after alcohol administration, comprising self-ratings and an observer's assessment, distinguished the HR subgroups and control subjects; measures of visuomotor performance did not. The findings are discussed in relation to two current etiological theories bearing on the development of alcoholism: a biopsychological perspective and an initial tolerance for alcohol effects.
Pattern reversal visual evoked potential among men at risk for alcoholism.
The biological sons of male alcoholics, deemed to be at high risk (HR) for the development of alcoholism, were compared to control males, aged 18 to 21, using measures of the visual evoked potential elicited by checkerboard pattern reversal. Overall, the HR and control groups were not distinguished on the basis of visual evoked potential measures acquired from the occipital scalp region; however, when comparisons were restricted to right-handed subjects, the HR subjects showed more symmetry in a positive component with approximate latency of 242 ms compared with control subjects. The results are discussed in relation to hemispheric differences and alcoholism.
Antihistamine blockade of alcohol-induced flushing in orientals.
The so-called Oriental flushing reaction associated with ingestion of small amounts of alcohol was antagonized by combined antihistamine administration. In stage one of the study, the flushing reaction to low doses of alcohol was produced in Orientals. Most subjects experienced a cutaneous flush, an increase in skin temperature, a decrease in blood pressure, an increase in pulse rate and subjective symptoms such as dizziness, sleepiness, anxiety, headache, generalized weakness and nausea. Before the administration of alcohol, one-half of the subjects were given 50 mg of diphenhydramine (H1 receptor antagonist) and 300 mg of cimetidine (H2 receptor antagonist). The second half received placebo tablets. The clearest difference between the antihistamine group and placebo group was in the skin flushing reaction. The antihistamine group showed a significant reduction in the skin flush. The antihistamine also neutralized the systolic hypotension induced by the administration of alcohol. The possible importance of histamine in the expression of sensitivity to alcohol is considered. The relevance to genetic susceptibility for development of alcoholism is discussed.
Histamine receptor antagonism of intolerance to alcohol in the Oriental population.
The Oriental flushing reaction is an adverse response to alcohol that appears to be genetically determined. In this study, the Oriental flushing reaction that was produced with ingestion of small amounts of alcohol was antagonized by antihistamine administration. A group of 17 subjects was tested. Each subject received placebo, diphenhydramine 50 mg (H-1 receptor antagonist), and cimetidine 300 mg (H-2 receptor antagonist) singularly and in combination. Alcohol was then administered orally. Most subjects given placebo experienced the typical flushing reaction that included a cutaneous flush, increase in skin temperature, decrease in blood pressure, increase in pulse rate and subjective symptoms such as dizziness, sleepiness, anxiety, headache, generalized weakness, and nausea. The flush, temperature and systolic hypotension were significantly blocked by the combined antihistamine administration. Cimetidine given alone blocked the flush, temperature increase, and systolic hypotension significantly more than diphenhydramine but less than the combined antihistamines. Diphenhydramine was similar to placebo in its effect on the flushing reaction. The role of histamine in the expression of tolerance to alcohol is not known. Antihistamine antagonism of the adverse flushing reaction suggests that histamine receptors may participate in the intolerance to ethanol in Orientals. Histamine may be an important protective factor in the low prevalence of alcoholism in Orientals.
Sex of parent and offspring in the transmission of alcoholism. A meta-analysis.
Familial studies of alcoholism were reviewed to evaluate the role of sex of parent and offspring in alcoholism transmission. Data from 32 familial alcoholism studies were evaluated by meta-analysis. The results indicated that both male and female alcoholic patients more frequently come from homes in which their father, rather than their mother, is alcoholic, even when sex differences in alcoholism prevalence rates are taken into account. Although female offspring of alcoholic mothers show alcoholism rates that are elevated relative to those expected in the general population, male offspring of alcoholic mothers do not.
Pharmacological treatment of alcohol intoxication, withdrawal and dependence: a critical review.
This review critically examines the literature of the past 10 years relating to the use of drugs in treating alcohol intoxication, withdrawal and dependence. Emphasis is given to those studies that have current and potential future clinical relevance. Although research regarding the pharmacological treatment of alcohol disorders still suffers from methodological flaws and lukewarm acceptance, the recognition of this area as a legitimate and fruitful field of study is increasingly apparent.