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Biomedical subjects

D W Trampel

Publications and source records attributed to D W Trampel.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Salmonella prevalence in market-age turkeys on-farm and at slaughter.

The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of Salmonella in market-age turkeys on-farm and at slaughter (i.e., before and after feed withdrawal, catching, loading, transportation, and preslaughter holding). Thirty birds were randomly selected from each of 6 commercial turkey flocks scheduled to be loaded and shipped to the abattoir during the evening of the same day. Selected birds were euthanized on the farm, and the cloacal contents, large intestine, crop, ceca, liver and gallbladder, and spleen were aseptically collected. At the abattoir, 30 birds from the same flock were randomly selected from the slaughter line, and the crop, ceca, liver and gallbladder, and spleen were collected for subsequent culture at the laboratory. All flocks studied were positive for Salmonella at slaughter. No statistical difference was found between the overall prevalence on-farm and at slaughter. At both sampling points, the overall prevalence found was 33.3%. Diverging prevalence estimates were obtained based on the different sample types collected on-farm and at slaughter. In both cases, cecal content samples had the highest relative sensitivity (73.3% on-farm and 68.3% at slaughter). This study demonstrates that the preslaughter practices of feed withdrawal, catching, loading, transportation, and holding do not significantly alter the prevalence of Salmonella in market-age turkeys. Therefore, our results suggest that it may be possible to monitor the Salmonella status of turkey production farms based on samples collected at the abattoir.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

Effects of storage time and temperature after blood sampling from turkeys on plasma concentrations of potassium, sodium, and chloride.

The objectives of this research were to study the effect of several time intervals of turkey blood storage from sampling to centrifugation on plasma K, Na, and Cl concentrations and to study the effect of ambient temperature of turkey blood storage on these same variables. In the first study, 6 consecutive blood samples were obtained from each turkey. The first sample was centrifuged immediately (control), and each of the others was respectively stored for 20, 40, 60, 120, or 360 min at 22 degrees C before centrifugation and plasma harvest. In the second study, 4 consecutive blood samples were obtained from each turkey. The first sample was centrifuged immediately (control), and each of the others was respectively stored at ambient temperatures of 9, 22, and 30 degrees C for 120 min before centrifugation and plasma harvest. Plasma K concentration declines and is significant (P < 0.01) for each of the 20, 40, 60, 120, and 360 min values. Plasma Na concentration increases and Cl decreases were not significant (P < 0.01) until 360 and 120 min, respectively. Significant (P < 0.01) reductions occurred for plasma K concentration for each of the ambient temperature values but were the least at 9 degrees C and greatest when stored at 30 degrees C. Plasma Na concentration decreased (P < 0.01) when stored at 9 degrees C. Though increased (P < 0.01) when stored at 22 and 30 degrees C, the difference was not significant (P < 0.01) between samples stored at either 22 or 30 degrees C. Plasma Cl concentration was decreased (P < 0.01) from control values, but there was no significant difference (P < 0.01) among samples stored at 9, 22, and 30 degrees C. Clot formation and its retraction from serum are unduly delayed after blood is withdrawn from turkeys because birds lack the intrinsic mechanism for blood coagulation. Accordingly, serum is not appropriate for the determination of K concentration in turkeys, and plasma harvested immediately after blood sampling is the fluid of choice for K analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Preharvest feed withdrawal affects liver lipid and liver color in broiler chickens.

An Iowa grain processor attempted to alter the typical 12-h preharvest fasting period by giving broilers cornstarch derivative pellets and water for 6 h followed by 6 h of no feed or water. After slaughter, plant food inspectors determined that livers from the treatment group were lighter in color than normal, and consequently a significant number of chicken carcasses were condemned for human consumption. The study reported herein was conducted to determine the effects of fasting or 3 feeding programs applied before processing on liver color, liver lipids, and liver glycogen of broilers. Dietary treatment groups consisted of 1) full-fed control broilers, 2) fasted broilers, 3) maltodextrin-fed broilers, and 4) and chickens given maltodextrin and methionine. Full-fed chickens had lighter liver coloration than chickens without access to feed for 6 or 12 h immediately prior to slaughter (P < 0.05). Lightness values for livers from full-fed control chickens (L* = 54.41) were 38% higher than those for livers from fasted broilers (L* = 39.30). Lighter liver colors in full-fed broilers were associated with higher hepatic lipid concentrations (6.38%) and more total liver lipid (4.96 g/liver) than was found in broilers without feed for 12 h. In contrast, darker livers from fasted broilers had lower levels of lipid (4.42%) and less total lipid (2.68 g/liver) than the full-fed broilers. Feeding maltodextrin pellets resulted in liver colors that were lighter (P < 0.05) than those found in fasted chickens but darker (P < 0.05) than livers from full-fed broilers. If carbohydrate supplements are fed prior to slaughter, producers should notify processing plant officials so that inspectors do not interpret light livers as an abnormal physiological state.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of irradiating shell eggs on quality attributes and functional properties of yolk and white.

Shell eggs were irradiated and the physico-chemical, and functional properties of egg yolk and white were determined. The color of egg yolk was not affected, but the viscosity of egg white was dramatically lowered and became watery by irradiation. The foam capacity and foam stability of egg white were significantly decreased due to protein oxidation by irradiation. However, the texture characteristics of egg white were not changed by irradiation, indicating that irradiation may not alter the thermal characteristics of egg white proteins. Sulfur volatiles were generated by irradiation but disappeared during storage under aerobic conditions. Because egg white became watery, irradiation may not be advisable for table eggs but may be useful for pasteurizing liquid egg white or liquid whole egg without significant deterioration of their quality and functionality. In particular, the dramatic decrease in the viscosity of egg white by irradiation will improve flow of liquid egg white or liquid whole egg, which could be highly useful for egg processing.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Reticuloendotheliosis in Hungarian partridge.

A large commercial flock of Hungarian partridge (Perdix perdix) experienced elevated mortality associated with a wasting disease in May 1998. Postmortem examination of females consistently revealed a distended crop and abnormal gray-white tissue infiltrating the wall of the crop and thoracic esophagus. Neoplasia in male partridge was observed in the liver. Microscopic examination of the crop and thoracic esophagus revealed transmural masses of immature lymphocytes with frequent mitotic figures. Similar cells were observed in the liver of affected males. Virus particles consistent in size and morphology with reticuloendotheliosis virions were observed in neoplastic lymphoid cells via electron microscopy. Reticuloendotheliosis virus was isolated from each of four blood samples. This disease has not previously been reported in Hungarian partridges. Hungarian partridge may represent a potential reservoir of infection for other gamebirds, including prairie chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of dietary potassium supplementation for growing turkeys on leg weakness, plasma potassium concentration, and selected blood variables.

The objectives of this research were to observe the effects of increased K in the diets of growing tom turkeys from 6 to 18 wk of age on body weight, feed-to-gain ratio, and leg weakness; to study the effects of time and temperature of blood storage after sampling and before centrifugation on plasma K concentration; and to evaluate plasma creatine kinase activity as an indicator of leg weakness. Male Nicholas White turkeys were fed corn-soybean meal based starter and grower diets from 1 d to 6 wk of age. At this time, each of three dietary treatments was assigned randomly to three pens of toms, 30 toms per pen. The dietary treatments consisted of 1) corn-soybean meal control (control) diets, 2) corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with 25% more K than the control diets contained (Mod K), and 3) corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with 50% more K than the control diets (High K). Potassium carbonate was used as the source of supplemental K for the Mod K and High K diets. Calculated K concentrations of the control diets fed from 6 to 9, 9 to 12, 12 to 15, and 15 to 18 wk were 0.84, 0.74, 0.57, and 0.54%, respectively. Results of laboratory analysis of the diets agreed closely with the calculated values. By 12 wk, toms fed the High K diets weighed less (P = 0.018) than toms fed the control diets, and this difference was still evident at 18 wk (P = 0.013), even though the High K groups were changed to the control diets at 12 wk. Toms fed the Mod K diets also tended to weigh less at 16 and 18 wk than those fed the control diets, however, the diet effect at the latter time was not significant (P > 0.05). There were no consistent effects of dietary K on feed efficiency. Total incidence of leg weakness at 12 wk was greater (P = 0.015) among toms fed Mod K and High K diets than for those toms fed the control diets. These results show that dietary K concentrations greater than those usually present in corn-soybean meal based diets for growing turkeys should be avoided. Increases in dietary K concentrations were associated with increases in plasma K concentration. Storage of blood after sampling and before centrifugation decreases the plasma concentration of K. The decrease is minimized when ambient temperature of storage is decreased. Accordingly, blood should be centrifuged immediately after sampling for accurate measurement of plasma K concentration. Plasma creatine kinase activity is not a good indicator of associated leg weakness unless physical activity and stress can be controlled before blood sampling.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Adverse effects of Escherichia coli infection of turkeys were not alleviated by supplemental dietary vitamin E.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of dietary vitamin E on the response of young male turkeys to Escherichia coli infection. A complete factorial arrangement of two concentrations of supplemental dietary vitamin E (12 or 300 IU/kg as dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) and infection or no infection of turkeys with E. coli was used in both experiments. In Experiment 1, each dietary treatment was fed to four pens of turkeys from 1 to 28 d of age. At 28 d, turkeys in two pens per dietary treatment received an injection of 3.0 x 10(7) E. coli cells into the left and right thoracic air sacs. All turkeys were necropsied 7 d after E. coli injection and the incidence and severity of lesions in air sacs, lungs, pericardium, and liver were determined. The same dietary vitamin E treatments were used in Experiment 2. Each diet was fed to eight pens of turkeys from 1 to 47 d of age. At 47 d, turkeys in four pens per dietary treatment received an injection of 3.0 x 10(7) cells of the same E. coli used in Experiment 1 into the left and right thoracic air sacs. All turkeys were necropsied as in Experiment 1 at 54 d of age. Weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization were impaired markedly by E. coli infection during the 7 d after injection. Livability also was decreased by E. coli infection in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2. Adverse effects of E. coli on performance and livability were not affected by dietary vitamin E concentration. Lesions observed in turkeys that received E. coli injection ranged from mild to severe, with the most severe lesions observed in air sacs. Lung lesions were observed frequently but were less severe than in air sacs. Dietary concentration of vitamin E had no effect on incidence or severity of lesions in air sacs or lungs. Overall, the results of these experiments show that adding 300 IU of vitamin E/kg of diet did not alleviate the adverse effects of E. coli infection in young turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Experimental infection of C3H mice with avian, porcine, or human isolates of Serpulina pilosicoli.

C3H/HeJ (lps(d)/lps(d)) and C3H/HeOuJ (lps(n)/lps(n)) mice were infected via gastric intubation with avian, porcine, or human isolates of weakly hemolytic spirochetes classified as Serpulina pilosicoli. Upon histopathological examination of cecal tissue from mice infected with avian or porcine isolates, colonization of spirochetes attached end-on to the apical surface of enterocytes was observed. There were no apparent differences in severity of cecal lesions between the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responsive (C3H/HeOuJ) and LPS-hyporesponsive (C3H/HeJ) mouse strains infected with these isolates. Transmission electron microscopy showed spirochetes invaginated into the host cell membrane with resultant effacement of microvilli and loss of the glycocalyx. End-on attachment of the human isolate S. jonesii was not observed in the present studies, although weakly hemolytic spirochetes were reisolated from mice infected with S. jonesii. Moreover, results of Western immunoblot experiments showed mice developed serum antibody responses to the S. pilosicoli isolates examined. Thus, the present results indicate that specific isolates of S. pilosicoli can colonize mice and exhibit end-on attachment to cecal enterocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of environmental variables in turkey confinement houses on airborne Aspergillus and mycoflora composition.

Environmental conditions and airborne mycoflora were measured concurrently in 10 turkey confinement houses during warm and cold weather. The following variables in the environment were measured: numbers of feed- and litter-associated yeast and mold fungi, temperature, relative humidity, airspeed, carbon dioxide and ammonia concentration, airborne bacteria, and airborne particulate mass, particle number, and particle size distribution. Winter air in turkey confinement houses contained significantly higher concentrations of Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis, and Mucor sp. and significantly lower concentrations of Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Alternaria sp. when compared with summer air. Significantly greater numbers of Mucor sp. were recovered per cubic meter of air where the current turkey flock was present less than 100 d when compared to houses where the current flock resided 100 d or more. Management decisions regarding control of the internal environment of turkey confinement houses apparently influence airborne mycoflora composition.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1994

Effect of building ventilation design on environment and performance of turkeys.

Environmental variables in 10 commercial turkey confinement buildings, representing 2 natural ventilation designs, were measured during summer and the following winter. Sliding doors spaced at intervals along the walls of 5 of the buildings provided about 35% opening, and continuous wall curtains provided 60 to 80% opening in the other 5 buildings. Environmental variables assessed included airspeed; temperature; relative humidity; gases; particle number, size, and mass per cubic meter of air; and colonies of bacteria, yeasts, and other fungi per cubic meter of air. Colonies of yeasts and other fungi were quantitated in feed and litter. For most of the variables evaluated, significant differences were not attributable to building ventilation design; however, in winter, the total mass of particulate matter per cubic meter of air was higher in the curtain-type houses, compared with sliding door-type houses. Ammonia concentration in the air of sliding door-type houses progressively increased during summer and winter sampling periods. A significant effect of building ventilation design on turkey performance was not detected when using mortality, average daily gain, feed conversion, condemnations at slaughter, or average individual bird weight as measures of production.

Air↗
PubMed1990

Stunting syndrome in turkeys: physical and physiological changes.

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of an induced enteric disorder, stunting syndrome (SS), on young turkeys. One-day-old poults were dosed per os with tryptose-phosphate broth (control) or inoculum (inoc) prepared from intestines of SS-affected poults. Inoculation depressed gain (P less than .001) and feed consumption (P less than .001) and impaired (P less than .001) the utilization of feed for gain up to 9 days of age (utilization was 2.02, 2.62 in inoc and 1.27, 1.61 in control poults at 5 and 9 days of age, respectively). Inoculation impaired (P less than .05) retention of nutrients at 8 days of age (dry matter, fat, protein, and ash retentions were 82.5, 88.8, 81.3, and 77.8% in controls and 79.3, 85.6, 74.5, and 74.1% in inoc poults, respectively). Small intestinal weight per 100 g of body weight was greater (P less than .001) in inoc poults, but empty weights per length of jejunum and ileum were less (P less than .05). The jejunal mucosa in inoc poults was thinner, exhibited extensive erosion of villi tips, and had microvilli that seemed to be fused when observed by using scanning electron microscopy. Activities of disaccharidases in the jejunum and ileum of inoc poults were less (P less than .05) than in control poults. In a second experiment, two additional treatments were included, a pair-fed control and a negative control. Control poults pair-fed with the inoc poults grew more rapidly (P less than .01) than inoc poults. The depression in feed consumption due to inoculation accounted for only 54% of the growth depression. Poults inoculated with a suspension prepared from intestines obtained from healthy poults (negative control) performed similarly to controls. Thus, the adverse effects of the SS-inoculum were due to an agent(s) that was present int he intestines of SS-affected poults but not in intestines of healthy poults.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Clinical and pathologic changes in acute bovine aflatoxicosis: rumen motility and tissue and fluid concentrations of aflatoxins B1 and M1.

Effects of aflatoxin on bovine rumen motility were determined by radiotelemetric techniques. Aflatoxin altered amplitude and/or frequency of rumen contractions in steers given dosages of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8 mg of aflatoxin/kg of body weight. Effects of aflatoxin on rumen motility were dose dependent. An increase in elimination time of aflatoxin from rumen contents was observed in steers given the aflatoxin dosages of 0.4 to 0.8 mg/kg. The increase in elimination time of this toxin facilitates diagnostic capabilities for detecting bovine aflatoxicosis by obtaining rumen contents for analysis for aflatoxin. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in rumen contents from steers at 2 hours after aflatoxin was administered. Thus, intraruminal metabolism of aflatoxin B1 to M1 may occur.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

Aflatoxicosis in feedlot cattle.

Aflatoxicosis was diagnosed in lightweight feedlot cattle fed aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed or gin trash. Clinical signs of hepatic damage and death were recorded for more than 200 of the 14,000 animals in a feedlot. Aflatoxin concentration in feedlot products fed to these cattle ranged from 96 to 1,700 ng/g. Diagnosis was based on the correlation of characteristic microscopic liver lesions, high concentration of aflatoxin in cottonseed feed products, and isolation and detection of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 in urine and liver from affected calves. This report describes a large-scale outbreak of aflatoxicosis and demonstrates the need for careful quality control of feed products susceptible to aflatoxin contamination.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1983

Leucocytozoon simondi infection in European and American eiders.

An adult European eider (Somateria mollissima mollissima) died at the St Louis Zoo and was found to be infected with numerous blood and tissue stages of Leucocytozoon simondi. Necropsy revealed massive air sac aspergillosis, but histologic examination revealed a diffusely distributed protozoon organism that was identified as L simondi. Examination of tissues from a previously necropsied European eider and from 2 American eiders (Somateria mollissima dresseri) that later died also revealed evidence of L simondi infection.

Animals↗