Biomedical subjects

Daniel J Beal

Publications and source records attributed to Daniel J Beal.

6 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Episodic processes in emotional labor: perceptions of affective delivery and regulation strategies.

This study examined emotional labor processes from a within-person, episodic framework. The authors hypothesized that the influence of negative emotions on affective delivery would be lessened by regulation strategies for supervisor perceptions but not self-perceptions. In addition, difficulty maintaining display rules was hypothesized to mediate the relation between negative emotions and self-perceptions of affective delivery. Finally, the influence of surface acting strategies on these processes as well as correlations with individual differences was investigated. Hypotheses were tested using ecological momentary assessment of a sample of cheerleading instructors. Results suggest that surface actors can regulate emotions effectively on an episode-to-episode basis but find the episode more difficult. In addition, surface actors exhibit more general tendencies to devalue themselves and experience fewer positive emotions.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Pocket-sized psychology studies: exploring daily diary software for palm pilots.

Daily dairies, also known as experience sampling methods (ESM) or everyday experience methods, are a common methodology utilized to provide insight into momentary psychological processes. Traditionally, such studies often have utilized paper-and-pencil surveys administered several times each day over a span of several days or weeks. However, advances in technology now allow these studies to be conducted using palmtop computers (i.e., personal digital assistants; PDAs). Three software packages for running these studies on the Palm operating system were explored and compared on a number of features Specifically, ESP (Experience Sampling Program, by Feldman Barrett & Barrett, 2001), iESP Version 3.2 (Intel Experience Sampling Program, by Intel Research Seattle & the University of Washington Computer Science and Engineering Department), and PMAT Version 2.0 (Purdue Momentary Assessment Tool, by the Military Family Research Institute at Purdue University) were examined, with their key features compared. These advances in software for running diary studies include a number of features that provide researchers with methods and information previously unavailable in diary studies and may expand the range of possibilities in diary study designs.

Documentation↗

PubMed2005

Optimizing principal components analysis of event-related potentials: matrix type, factor loading weighting, extraction, and rotations.

OBJECTIVE: Given conflicting recommendations in the literature, this report seeks to present a standard protocol for applying principal components analysis (PCA) to event-related potential (ERP) datasets. METHODS: The effects of a covariance versus a correlation matrix, Kaiser normalization vs. covariance loadings, truncated versus unrestricted solutions, and Varimax versus Promax rotations were tested on 100 simulation datasets. Also, whether the effects of these parameters are mediated by component size was examined. RESULTS: Parameters were evaluated according to time course reconstruction, source localization results, and misallocation of ANOVA effects. Correlation matrices resulted in dramatic misallocation of variance. The Promax rotation yielded much more accurate results than Varimax rotation. Covariance loadings were inferior to Kaiser Normalization and unweighted loadings. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the current simulation of two components, the evidence supports the use of a covariance matrix, Kaiser normalization, and Promax rotation. When these parameters are used, unrestricted solutions did not materially improve the results. We argue against their use. Results also suggest that optimized PCA procedures can measurably improve source localization results. SIGNIFICANCE: Continued development of PCA procedures can improve the results when PCA is applied to ERP datasets.

Electroencephalography↗

PubMed2005

An episodic process model of affective influences on performance.

In this article, the authors present a model linking immediate affective experiences to within-person performance. First, the authors define a time structure for performance (the performance episode) that is commensurate with the dynamic nature of affect. Next, the authors examine the core cognitive and regulatory processes that determine performance for 1 person during any particular episode. Third, the authors describe how various emotions and moods influence the intermediary performance processes, thereby affecting performance. In the final section of the article, the authors discuss limitations, future research directions, and practical implications for their episodic process model of affect and performance.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Cohesion and performance in groups: a meta-analytic clarification of construct relations.

Previous meta-analytic examinations of group cohesion and performance have focused primarily on contextual factors. This study examined issues relevant to applied researchers by providing a more detailed analysis of the criterion domain. In addition, the authors reinvestigated the role of components of cohesion using more modern meta-analytic methods and in light of different types of performance criteria. The results of the authors' meta-analyses revealed stronger correlations between cohesion and performance when performance was defined as behavior (as opposed to outcome), when it was assessed with efficiency measures (as opposed to effectiveness measures), and as patterns of team workflow became more intensive. In addition, and in contrast to B. Mullen and C. Copper's (1994) meta-analysis, the 3 main components of cohesion were independently related to the various performance domains. Implications for organizations and future research on cohesion and performance are discussed.

Attitude↗

PubMed2002

On the bias of Huffcutt and Arthur's (1995) procedure for identifying outliers in the meta-analysis of correlations.

This study documents how the use of A. I. Huffcutt & W. A. Arthur's (1995) sample adjusted meta-analytic deviancy (SAMD) statistic for identifying outliers in correlational meta-analyses results in inaccuracies in mean r. Monte Carlo simulations found that use of the SAMD resulted in the overidentification of small relative to large correlations as outliers. Furthermore, this tendency to overidentify small correlations was found to increase as the magnitude of the population correlation increased and resulted in mean rs that overestimated the population correlation. The implications for meta-analysts are discussed, and 2 possible solutions are offered.

Bias↗