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Daniel S Pine

Publications and source records attributed to Daniel S Pine.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

A developmental examination of gender differences in brain engagement during evaluation of threat.

BACKGROUND: Females appear to be more sensitive and responsive to social cues, including threat signals, than are males. Recent theoretical models suggest that developmental changes in brain functioning play important roles in the emergence of such gender differences. METHODS: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine developmental and gender differences in activation of neural structures thought to mediate attention to emotional faces depicting varying degrees of threat. Analyses focused on the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex during the evaluation of threat conveyed by faces. Healthy adolescents (n = 17; 53% male) and adults (n = 17; 53% male) were scanned while they rated how threatening pictures of neutral and emotional (angry, fearful, or happy) faces appeared. RESULTS: Results indicate significant interactions among age, gender, and face type for activation during explicit threat monitoring. In particular, adult women activated orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala selectively to unambiguous threat (angry) cues, while adult men showed a less discriminating pattern of activation. No gender differences were evident for adolescents, who as a group resembled adult males. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that there are gender differences in patterns of neural responses to emotional faces that are not fully apparent until adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Fear conditioning in virtual reality contexts: a new tool for the study of anxiety.

BACKGROUND: Context conditioning has been suggested to model clinical anxiety, but context, as manipulated in animal models, has not been translated to human studies. A virtual environment might prove to be the ideal tool for innovative experimental paradigms to study explicitly cued fear and contextual anxiety in humans. METHODS: Subjects were guided through a virtual environment that consisted of two rooms connected by a street scene. In each of the rooms, a blue and a yellow panel on a wall served as explicit conditioned stimuli (CS). The panels were displayed several times. One of the panels (CS+) was associated with a shock in one of the rooms (shock room). No shock was administered in the other room (safe room). Acoustic startle stimuli were administered in the presence and in the absence of the panels to assess explicit cued conditioning to the CS and context conditioning to the rooms, respectively. RESULTS: Startle was potentiated by the CS+ in both rooms, which suggests generalization of fear across contexts. After acquisition, startle was potentiated in the shock room, compared with the safe room, in the absence of the CS+. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the future use of virtual reality to design new conditioning experiments to study both fear and anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Neuropsychological performance in pediatric bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: Growing awareness of childhood bipolar disorder necessitates further cognitive neuroscience research to determine unique developmental differences between pediatric and adult onset bipolar disorder. We sought to examine whether neuropsychological function in children with bipolar disorder resembles that in adults with the illness and to extend our knowledge about cognitive function in pediatric bipolar disorder. METHODS: We administered a computerized neuropsychological test battery known as the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery to a sample of 21 children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and compared them with 21 age- and gender-matched controls. RESULTS: In comparison to controls, children with bipolar disorder were impaired on measures of attentional set-shifting and visuospatial memory. Post hoc analyses in pediatric bipolar disorder subjects did not show significant associations between neuropsychological performance and manic symptomatology or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery data presented here in pediatric bipolar disorder fit well within the broader framework of known neurocognitive deficits in adult bipolar disorder. Our pediatric bipolar disorder subjects demonstrated selective deficiencies in attentional set-shifting and visuospatial memory. Our work suggests altered ventrolateral prefrontal cortex function, especially when linked to other lesion and neuroimaging studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Reward-related processes in pediatric bipolar disorder: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Neuropsychological research on children with bipolar disorder (BPD) is scarce. Here, we examine reward-related behaviors in children with BPD using a Wheel of Fortune task in which subjects could win or lose money depending on their decisions. The intent of this work was to investigate performance differences between BPD and healthy children on a task that could be used in an fMRI environment to inform the neural substrates of reward processes in BPD. This study has no direct clinical implications. We hypothesized that relative to healthy children, children with BPD would select risky options more frequently, be less confident in a favorable outcome, and report stronger emotional responses to outcomes. METHODS: Forty-four children (22 BPD; 22 control) were compared on (i) decision-making with varying levels of risk, (ii) level of confidence in favorable outcomes, and (iii) responses to feedback. The task included a win-no win version and a lose-no lose version. RESULTS: Patterns of selection did not differ between groups. In the lose-no lose task, BPD patients were less confident than controls in favorable outcomes. BPD patients expressed greater dissatisfaction than controls at not winning in win-no win, and greater satisfaction than controls at not losing in lose-no lose. LIMITATIONS: Limitations of this study included that the children with BPD were mostly in a depressed state, were medicated, and had co-morbid disorders. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first experimental study to examine associations between pediatric BPD and reward-related behaviors. Although we failed to detect abnormalities in risky decision-making in children with BPD, we found significant differences between groups in both confidence ratings and response to feedback, consistent with our predictions. Our ultimate goal is to use this task in the fMRI environment to gain a better understanding of the neural correlates of reward-related processes in pediatric BPD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Choice selection and reward anticipation: an fMRI study.

We examined neural activations during decision-making using fMRI paired with the wheel of fortune task, a newly developed two-choice decision-making task with probabilistic monetary gains. In particular, we assessed the impact of high-reward/risk events relative to low-reward/risk events on neural activations during choice selection and during reward anticipation. Seventeen healthy adults completed the study. We found, in line with predictions, that (i) the selection phase predominantly recruited regions involved in visuo-spatial attention (occipito-parietal pathway), conflict (anterior cingulate), manipulation of quantities (parietal cortex), and preparation for action (premotor area), whereas the anticipation phase prominently recruited regions engaged in reward processes (ventral striatum); and (ii) high-reward/risk conditions relative to low-reward/risk conditions were associated with a greater neural response in ventral striatum during selection, though not during anticipation. Following an a priori ROI analysis focused on orbitofrontal cortex, we observed orbitofrontal cortex activation (BA 11 and 47) during selection (particularly to high-risk/reward options), and to a more limited degree, during anticipation. These findings support the notion that (1) distinct, although overlapping, pathways subserve the processes of selection and anticipation in a two-choice task of probabilistic monetary reward; (2) taking a risk and awaiting the consequence of a risky decision seem to affect neural activity differently in selection and anticipation; and thus (3) common structures, including the ventral striatum, are modulated differently by risk/reward during selection and anticipation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Face-memory and emotion: associations with major depression in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Studies in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) document abnormalities in both memory and face-emotion processing. The current study used a novel face-memory task to test the hypothesis that adolescent MDD is associated with a deficit in memory for face-emotions. The study also examines the relationship between parental MDD and memory performance in offspring. METHODS: Subjects were 152 offspring (ages 9-19) of adults with either MDD, anxiety disorders, both MDD and anxiety, or no disorder. Parents and offspring were assessed for mental disorders. Collection of face-memory data was blind to offspring and parent diagnosis. A computerized task was developed that required rating of facial photographs depicting 'happy,"fearful,' or 'angry' emotions followed by a memory recall test. Recall accuracy was examined as a function of face-emotion type. RESULTS: Age and gender independently predicted memory, with better recall in older and female subjects. Controlling for age and gender, offspring with a history of MDD (n = 19) demonstrated significant deficits in memory selectively for fearful faces, but not happy or angry faces. Parental MDD was not associated with face-memory accuracy. DISCUSSION: This study found an association between MDD in childhood or adolescence and perturbed encoding of fearful faces. MDD in young individuals may predispose to subtle anomalies in a neural circuit encompassing the amygdala, a brain region implicated in the processing of fearful facial expressions. These findings suggest that brain imaging studies using similar face-emotion paradigms should test whether deficits in processing of fearful faces relate to amygdala dysfunction in children and adolescents with MDD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Integrating research on developmental psychopathology and neuroscience in the study of adolescence: introduction to part II.

This chapter introduces three papers that summarize research findings in clinical and basic neuroscience. They integrate prior research on clinical aspects of developmental psychopathology, basic research on brain development in nonhuman primates, and neuroimaging research on both normal and abnormal human development. From the clinical perspective these papers call attention to the unique relationship between adolescence and psychopathology. From the basic science perspective they call attention to the sequence of events that culminates in a fully mature central nervous system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Researching the pathophysiology of pediatric bipolar disorder.

We suggest that the core feature of bipolar disorder (BPD) is marked state fluctuations. The pathophysiology of switches into depressed, irritable, and extreme positive valence states requires study, with the latter deserving particular focus because it represents a pathognomonic feature of BPD in both adults and children. Hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of pediatric BPD must account for these marked state fluctuations as well as for specific developmental aspects of the illness. These developmental aspects include marked irritability (in addition to euphoria and depression) and very rapid cycles, along with high rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. We review research on neural mechanisms underlying positive valence states and state regulation, focusing on those data relevant to BPD and to development. Researchers are beginning to explore the response of manic patients and control subjects to positive affective stimuli, and considerable research in both nonhuman primates and humans has focused on the cortico-limbic-striatal circuits mediating responses to rewarding stimuli. In control subjects, positive affect affects cognition, and data indicate that prefrontal electroencephalogram asymmetry may differ between control subjects with consistently positive affect and those with more negative affect; however, this latter generalization may not apply to adolescents. With regard to the pathophysiology of state switching in pediatric BPD, data in control subjects indicating that attention regulation plays a role in emotion regulation may be germane. In addition, research detailing physiologic and psychological responses to negative emotional stimuli in bipolar patients and control subjects may increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying both irritability and rapid cycling seen in children with BPD. Potential foci for research on the pathophysiology of pediatric BPD include reactivity to standardized positive and negative emotional stimuli, and the interaction between emotion regulation and attentional processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Developmental psychobiology and response to threats: relevance to trauma in children and adolescents.

Interest in developmental and psychobiological aspects of trauma has grown with recent research in adults with mood and anxiety disorders reporting histories of trauma during childhood. Studies conducted directly in children and adolescents could add much to ongoing research in this area. This review summarizes data in three areas of developmental science that might inform future studies. First, the review briefly summarizes current data on clinical aspects of trauma in juveniles, focusing on associations with psychopathology and moderators of outcome. Second, the review summarizes data from the basic sciences delineating experiential and developmental changes in brain systems involved in threat perception and response. This review incorporates knowledge gained from research examining the effects of rearing manipulations on regulation of the stress response in rodents and primates. Third, the review summarizes data from cognitive neuroscience studies among both adults and children, again focusing on studies examining aspects of the threat response. This summary includes a review from studies in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A neuroimaging method for the study of threat in adolescents.

Little is understood about the brain basis of anxiety, particularly among youth. However, threat paradigms with animals are delineating the relationship between anxietylike behaviors and brain function. We adapted a threat paradigm for adolescents using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The aim was to examine amygdala activation to fear. The threat was an aversive air blast directed to the larynx. Participants were explicitly informed that they might receive the air blast when viewing one stimulus (threat condition) and would not receive the blast when viewing the other stimulus (safe condition). Participants provided fear ratings immediately after each trial. Based on the relatively mild nature of the air blast, we expected participants to report varying degrees of fear. Those who reported increased fear showed right amygdala activation during the threat condition and left amygdala activation in the safe condition. These procedures offer a promising tool for studying youth with anxiety disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Lung disease and internalizing disorders. Is childhood abuse a shared etiologic factor?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of childhood abuse in the relationship between panic attack, depression and lung disease among adults in the population. METHODS: Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey (n=5877), a representative sample of adults age 15-54 in the United States. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between childhood abuse and lung disease, and to determine whether childhood abuse is an independent predictor of the co-occurrence of lung disease, panic attack and depression. RESULTS: Childhood abuse was associated with significantly increased odds of panic attacks (OR=2.2 (1.5, 3.1)) and depression (OR=1.6 (1.1, 2.3)). Childhood abuse increased likelihood of lung disease (OR=1.5 (1.1, 2.2)). Childhood abuse independently predicted the co-occurrence of lung disease, panic attack and depression (OR=10.7 (2.2, 51.5)). CONCLUSION: These data are preliminary, but if replicated, suggest that childhood abuse may be associated with increased risk of lung disease during adulthood, and further may reflect a shared vulnerability for the co-occurrence of lung disease, panic attack and depression in the community. Future studies are needed to further explore the mechanism of this association.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Adolescent immaturity in attention-related brain engagement to emotional facial expressions.

Selective attention, particularly during the processing of emotionally evocative events, is a crucial component of adolescent development. We used functional magnetic resonance imagining (fMRI) with adolescents and adults to examine developmental differences in activation in a paradigm that involved selective attention during the viewing of emotionally engaging face stimuli. We evaluated developmental differences in neural activation for three comparisons: (1) directing attention to subjective responses to fearful facial expressions relative to directing attention to a nonemotional aspect (nose width) of fearful faces, (2) viewing fearful relative to neutral faces while attending to a nonemotional aspect of the face, and (3) viewing fearful relative to neutral faces while attention was unconstrained (passive viewing). The comparison of activation across attention tasks revealed greater activation in the orbital frontal cortex in adults than in adolescents. Conversely, when subjects attended to a nonemotional feature, fearful relative to neutral faces influenced activation in the anterior cingulate more in adolescents than in adults. When attention was unconstrained, adolescents relative to adults showed greater activation in the anterior cingulate, bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, and right amygdala in response to the fearful relative to neutral faces. These findings suggest that adults show greater modulation of activity in relevant brain structures based on attentional demands, whereas adolescents exhibit greater modulation based on emotional content.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Neurological soft signs and disruptive behavior among children of opiate dependent parents.

The present study investigates the relationship between neurological soft signs and psychiatric symptoms among children of opiate dependent parents. A consecutive series of 102 children of opiate dependent parents received standardized psychiatric and neurological assessments. Symptoms of externalizing but not internalizing disorders associated with poor performance on the soft sign exam, controlling for age, intelligence, and socioeconomic status. Given the importance of externalizing disorders in the development of substance use disorders, studies of children at high risk for substance use disorder should also consider screening and assessment of children for soft neurological signs.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Asthma and panic attacks among youth in the community.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between asthma and panic attacks among youth in the community. METHOD: Data were drawn from the Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders (MECA) Study (n = 1285), a community-based sample of youth age 9-17 in the United States. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between asthma and both panic attacks and panic disorder, adjusting for differences in sociodemographic characteristics and comorbid mental disorders. RESULTS: Asthma was associated with a significantly increased likelihood of panic attacks [OR= 1.5 (1.01, 2.2)]. This effect was specific and persisted after adjusting for differences in demographics and psychiatric comorbidity. Severe asthma was associated with an even greater likelihood of panic attacks [OR = 2.2 (1.3, 4.0)]. There was a dose-response relationship between number of panic symptoms during a panic attack and the likelihood of asthma [OR = 1.2 (1.1, 1.3)] and severe asthma [OR = 1.3 (1.1, 1.4)], which remained significant after adjusting for differences in sociodemographic characteristics and comorbid mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest a significant association between asthma, severe asthma, and panic attacks among youth in the community. Replication of these findings is needed, as are future studies that investigate the nature of these links. In light of the increasing prevalence of asthma and hospitalization for asthma among youth in the United States and worldwide, these associations may be worthwhile to consider in future investigations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Clinical correlates of episodicity in juvenile mania.

OBJECTIVE: Researchers debate whether the diagnostic criteria for mania should differ between children and adults. Specifically, although the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition; DSM-IV) requires episodic mood changes, children commonly are diagnosed as manic on the basis of chronic irritability. In this preliminary study, children carrying a diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BPD) in the community were classified as having either episodic or chronic symptoms. We hypothesized that the episodic group would be more likely to have a history of psychosis and a parental history of BPD, whereas the chronic group would be more likely to have conduct disorder. METHODS: Parents of children carrying the BPD diagnosis were interviewed on the telephone to obtain psychiatric and family histories. Children were considered episodic (n = 34) if they had a history of one or more DSM-IV manic/hypomanic episodes meeting full duration criteria and chronic (n = 53) if they had no discernable episodes. RESULTS: The episodic group was more likely to have had psychosis, parental history of BPD, and to have experienced each manic symptom except for irritability and psychomotor agitation. Children in the episodic group were also more likely to have had a depressive episode meeting full DSM-IV criteria and were more likely to have made a suicide attempt. Children in the chronic group were not more likely to meet criteria for conduct disorder but were more likely to exhibit violence toward others. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary data indicate that, among children being treated for BPD in the community, those with discrete episodes of mania may be more likely to have a lifetime history of psychosis and a parental history of BPD. The latter hypothesis should be tested in a sample where relatives are interviewed directly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Depression and bipolar support alliance consensus statement on the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To focus attention on the critical unmet needs of children and adolescents with mood disorders and to make recommendations for future research and allocation of healthcare resources. METHOD: The 36-member Consensus Development Panel consisted of experts in child/adolescent or adult psychiatry and psychology, pediatrics, and mental health advocacy. Reviews of the literature concerning youth mood disorders were performed on the subjects of risk factors, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and services delivery, and opinions and experiences of mental health advocates were obtained. RESULTS: The Consensus Development Panel listened to presentations and participated in discussions. Independent workgroups of clinicians, scientists, and mental health advocates considered the evidence and prepared preliminary statements. Workgroup leaders presented drafts for discussion by the Consensus Development Panel. The final document was reviewed by the entire group and edited to incorporate input from all participants. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence suggests high rates of unmet needs for children and adolescents with depression or bipolar disorder. Training is largely limited to child mental health specialists; general psychiatrists, pediatricians, and other primary care physicians receive little or no training. As a result, treatment patterns may reflect adult treatment plans that are not validated for youths. Effective treatments have been identified and some preliminary prevention models have been developed, but they are not yet widely applied. Patients experience limited exposure to clinicians adequately trained to address their problems and little information to guide care decisions, particularly concerning bipolar disorder. National efforts are required to restructure healthcare delivery and provider training and to immediately develop more advanced research on pathophysiology, prevention, and services delivery effectiveness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Developmental differences in neuronal engagement during implicit encoding of emotional faces: an event-related fMRI study.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies document strong interactions between emotional and mnemonic processes. These interactions have been shown to vary across development and psychopathology, particularly mood and anxiety disorders. METHODS: The present study used functional neuroimaging to assess the degree to which adolescents and adults differ in patterns of neuronal engagement during implicit encoding of affective stimuli. Subjects underwent rapid event-related fMRI while viewing faces with angry, fearful, happy, and neutral expressions. A surprise post-scan memory test was administered. RESULTS: Consistent with previous findings, both adolescents and adults displayed engagement of left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex when viewing subsequently recognized stimuli. Age differences emerged in patterns of neuronal activation associated with subsequent recognition of specific face-emotion types. Relative to adults, adolescents displayed more activity in the anterior cingulate when viewing subsequently remembered angry faces, and more activity in the right temporal pole when viewing subsequently remembered fear faces. Conversely, adults displayed more activity in the subgenual anterior cingulate when viewing subsequently remembered happy faces and more activity in the right posterior hippocampus when viewing subsequently remembered neutral faces. These age-related differences emerged in the absence of differences in behavioral performance. CONCLUSIONS: These findings document developmental differences in the degree to which engagement of affective circuitry contributes to memory formation.

Adolescent↗