Biomedical subjects

David B Henry

Publications and source records attributed to David B Henry.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Biological risk factors in pediatric bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: The current study attempted to determine whether neurodevelopmental and acquired brain abnormalities are more common in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD). METHODS: The study sample consisted of 98 subjects with a mean age of 11.5 +/- 3.3 years comprising three demographically matched groups: healthy controls (HC, n = 28), subjects with bipolar disorder - Type I (PBD, n = 37), and bipolar disorder - Type I combined with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (PBD+ADHD, n = 33). Family history of PBD was determined using the Family History Screen. Additional measures were administered to assess the history on perinatal risk, development milestones, serious physical illnesses, and head injury. RESULTS: Logistic regression showed that that family history and perinatal risk factors predicted the diagnosis of PBD. PBD diagnosis was 15 times higher among those with a family history of BD. Second, for every additional perinatal risk factor such as prenatal exposure to drugs or birth complications, the risk of having a PBD diagnosis increased more than six-fold. CONCLUSIONS: Having a positive familial history of BD in a first degree relative and perinatal insults may elevate the risk for developing PBD. Presence of these risk factors, especially in the context of clinical signs of affect dysregulation, should alert clinicians to screen for PBD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Validity of teacher ratings in selecting influential aggressive adolescents for a targeted preventive intervention.

This study describes a method for using teacher nominations and ratings to identify socially influential, aggressive middle school students for participation in a targeted violence prevention intervention. The teacher nomination method is compared with peer nominations of aggression and influence to obtain validity evidence. Participants were urban, predominantly African American and Latino sixth-grade students who were involved in a pilot study for a large multi-site violence prevention project. Convergent validity was suggested by the high correlation of teacher ratings of peer influence and peer nominations of social influence. The teacher ratings of influence demonstrated acceptable sensitivity and specificity when predicting peer nominations of influence among the most aggressive children. Results are discussed in terms of the application of teacher nominations and ratings in large trials and full implementation of targeted prevention programs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Adolescent sexual behavior and attitudes: a Costs and Benefits approach.

PURPOSE: The majority of past research conceptualized adolescent sexual attitudes as a single factor that included both Costs and Benefits of sexual behavior. The current study examined the independent influences of attitudes concerning the costs, such as embarrassment and pregnancy, and benefits, such as physical pleasure, of sexual intercourse on reports of actual engagement in sexual intercourse controlling for age, gender, religion, and cognitive ability. METHODS: This study utilized data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Participants were 14,871 adolescents aged 15 and older who completed the Wave I In-Home Interview. Hierarchical regression was used to examine the relation between Costs and Benefits and the variables of age, gender, religion, and cognitive ability. Logistic regression was used to predict engagement in sexual intercourse at Wave I and Wave II from measures of costs, benefits, age, gender, religion, and cognitive ability. RESULTS: The measure of Costs and Benefits demonstrated good psychometric properties. Both Costs and Benefits were significantly associated with concurrent and future sexual activity after controlling for demographic variables (age, religion, gender, cognitive ability). In addition, both Costs and Benefits also predicted sexual initiation between Waves I and II. CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrated the importance of both Costs and Benefits in predicting later sexual activity. Although attitudes concerning costs were slightly more influential in predicting sexual activity, our results suggest that interventions designed to delay sexual activity should include components of both Costs and Benefits.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

A one-year open-label trial of risperidone augmentation in lithium nonresponder youth with preschool-onset bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of risperidone augmentation of lithium in preschool-onset bipolar disorder (BD) among youth who insufficiently respond to lithium monotherapy. METHOD: Thirty-eight subjects between the ages of 4 and 17 years (mean age = 11.37 +/- 3.8 years) with onset of BD in preschool years (manic or mixed episode) entered this 12-month trial. All subjects received lithium monotherapy. Patients who failed to adequately respond to lithium monotherapy after 8 weeks and those who relapsed after an initial response were given risperidone augmentation for up to 11 months. The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) was the primary outcome measure. Response was defined as a > or =50% decrease from baseline. Additional data were collected on diagnostic comorbidity, family history, number of hospitalizations, perinatal risk factors, history of physical or sexual abuse, Child Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale for BD (CGI-BP), Children's Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS), and adverse medication effects. RESULTS: Of the 38 subjects treated with lithium monotherapy, 17 responded, whereas 21 required augmentation with risperidone. Response rate in the youths treated with lithium + risperidone was 85.7% (n = 18/21). Significant predictors of inadequate response to lithium monotherapy requiring augmentation were: (1) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (2) severity at baseline, (3) history of sexual or physical abuse, and (4) preschool age. Combination treatment of lithium and risperidone was found to be safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of youth with a history of preschool-onset BD treated with lithium were either nonresponders or partial responders. Subsequent augmentation of lithium with risperidone in these cases was well tolerated and efficacious. Potential predictors of lithium nonresponse identified in this study may guide the choice of medications earlier in the treatment process.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Child mania rating scale: development, reliability, and validity.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a reliable and valid parent-report screening instrument for mania, based on DSM-IVsymptoms. METHOD: A 21-item Child Mania Rating Scale-Parent version (CMRS-P) was completed by parents of 150 children (42.3% female) ages 10.3 +/- 2.9 years (healthy controls = 50; bipolar disorder = 50; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] = 50). The Washington University Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia was used to determine DSM-IV diagnosis. The Young Mania Rating Scale, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Mania Rating Scale, Child Behavior Checklist, and Child Depression Inventory were completed to estimate the construct validity of the measure. RESULTS: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the CMRS-P indicated that the scale was unidimensional. The internal consistency and retest reliability were both 0.96. Convergence of the CMRS-P with the Washington University Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia mania module, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Mania Rating Scale, and the Young Mania Rating Scale was excellent (.78-.83). The scale did not correlate as strongly with the Conners parent-rated ADHD scale, the Child Behavior Checklist -Attention Problems and Aggressive Behavior subscales, or the child self-report Child Depression Inventory (.29-.51). Criterion validity was demonstrated in analysis of receiver operating characteristics curves, which showed excellent sensitivity and specificity in differentiating children with mania from either healthy controls or children with ADHD (areas under the curve of.91 to.96). CONCLUSION: The CMRS-P is a promising parent-report scale that can be used in screening for pediatric mania.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Associations between peer nominations, teacher ratings, self-reports, and observations of malicious and disruptive behavior.

This study evaluates the validity of two aggression scales for predicting observations of malicious or disruptive behavior at school. Subgroups of a sample of 1,560 children (age 8.6+/-1.5 years) were assessed using (a) peer nominations of aggression, (b) teacher reports on the Teacher Report Form (TRF) of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Aggression scale and the peer nomination items, or (c) self-reports on the peer nomination items. Criteria were observations of physical, verbal, initiated, retaliatory, malicious, and disruptive behaviors. Teacher report peer nominations predicted observed physical, verbal, initiated, and retaliatory aggression and disruptive behavior. Peer nominations predicted physical aggression, verbal aggression, initiation and disruptive behavior, and TRFs predicted verbal, initiated, and disruptive behavior. Self-reports did not significantly predict any behavior. Implications for assessment of aggression are discussed.

Aggression↗

PubMed2005

Cluster analysis in family psychology research.

This article discusses the use of cluster analysis in family psychology research. It provides an overview of potential clustering methods, the steps involved in cluster analysis, hierarchical and nonhierarchical clustering methods, and validation and interpretation of cluster solutions. The article also reviews 5 uses of clustering in family psychology research: (a) deriving family types, (b) studying families over time, (c) as an interface between qualitative and quantitative methods, (d) as an alternative to multivariate interactions in linear models, and (e) as a data reduction technique for small samples. The article concludes with some cautions for using clustering in family psychology research.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2005

Divalproex sodium for pediatric mixed mania: a 6-month prospective trial.

OBJECTIVE: This prospective 6-month open trial examined the effectiveness and safety of divalproex sodium (DVPX) in pediatric mixed mania. METHOD: Thirty-four subjects with a mean age of 12.3 (SD = 3.7) years, DSM-IV diagnosis of a current mixed episode and a baseline Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score >20 were treated with DVPX monotherapy. The primary outcome measures were the YMRS and the Child Depression Rating Scale-Revised. Secondary measures were the Clinical Global Impression Scale for Bipolar Disorder (CGI-BP) and the Children's Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (C-GAS). Measures of safety and tolerability were also administered. RESULTS: Effect size (Cohen's d) based on change scores from baseline was 2.9 for the YMRS and 1.23 for the CDRS-R. Response rate (> or =50% change from baseline YMRS score and < or =40 score on CDRS-R at the end of study) was 73.5%. The remission rate (> or =50% change from baseline on YMRS, < or =40 on CDRS-R, CGI-BP-Improvement subscale of < or =2, and > or =51 CGAS score) was 52.9%. Significant improvements (p < 0.001) from baseline were seen for mean scores on all outcome measures (i.e., YMRS, CGI-BP, CDRS-R, and C-GAS). DVPX was safe and well tolerated with no serious adverse events during the 6-month trial. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence for the effectiveness and safety of DVPX in the treatment of pediatric mixed mania over a 6-month period. Placebo-controlled, randomized trials involving larger samples will ultimately shed light on the efficacy of this agent.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

The study designed by a committee: design of the Multisite Violence Prevention Project.

This article describes the research design of the Multisite Violence Prevention Project (MVPP), organized and funded by the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC's objectives, refined in the course of collaboration among investigators, were to evaluate the efficacy of universal and targeted interventions designed to produce change at the school level. The project's design was developed collaboratively, and is a 2 x 2 cluster-randomized true experimental design in which schools within four separate sites were assigned randomly to four conditions: (1) no-intervention control group, (2) universal intervention, (3) targeted intervention, and (4) combined universal and targeted interventions. A total of 37 schools are participating in this study with 8-12 schools per site. The impact of the interventions on two successive cohorts of sixth-grade students will be assessed based on multiple waves of data from multiple sources of information, including teachers, students, parents, and archival data. The nesting of students within teachers, families, schools and sites created a number of challenges for designing and implementing the study. The final design represents both resolution and compromise on a number of creative tensions existing in large-scale prevention trials, including tensions between cost and statistical power, and between internal and external validity. Strengths and limitations of the final design are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Open-label prospective trial of risperidone in combination with lithium or divalproex sodium in pediatric mania.

OBJECTIVE: This prospective 6-month open trial examined the safety and efficacy of two combination therapies for manic or mixed episodes of pediatric bipolar disorder: (1) divalproex sodium plus risperidone (DVPX+Risp), or (2) lithium plus risperidone (Li+Risp). METHODS: Thirty-seven (37) subjects aged 5 and 18 (age=12.1+/-3.5 years) with DSM IV current mixed or manic episode and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score >20 were sequentially assigned to either DVPX+Risp or Li+Risp in a 6-month, prospective open-label trial. Outcome measures included the YMRS, Clinical Global Impression Scale for Bipolar Disorder (CGI-BP), Child Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) as well as measures of safety and tolerability. RESULTS: Effect sizes (Cohen's d) based on change of YMRS scores from baseline were 4.36 for DVPX+Risp and 2.82 for Li+Risp. Response rates (>or=50% change from baseline YMRS score at the end of study) were 80% for DVPX+Risp and 82.4% for Li+Risp. Both combination treatments were well tolerated. Significant improvements (p<0.001) from baseline were seen for mean scores on all efficacy measures, i.e., YMRS, CGI-BP, and CDRS-R. There were no significant group differences in safety or tolerability, and no serious adverse events during the 6-month trial. CONCLUSION: Both DVPX+Risp and Li+Risp show strong effects coupled with safety and tolerability in treating children and adolescents with manic or mixed episodes associated with type I bipolar disorder.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

A return potential measure of setting norms for aggression.

This study tested a classroom-level measure of norms based on J. Jackson's (1966) Return Potential Model. "Return potential" refers to the probability of approval of aggression in a given setting or group, and the return potential model allows quantification of different aspects of a setting's norms. Return potential measures were computed for unprovoked and provoked aggression. A pilot sample of 236 students in 11 classrooms and a main sample of 3,304 students in 158 classrooms completed this measure and a self-report measure of aggression. Results from hierarchical linear models showed that all measures of classroom return potential for aggression were significantly clustered by classrooms. Four return potential measures had main effects on aggression, and four measures showed variation in effects by grade or urban residence. Differences in clustering and effects by grade suggested age differences in the importance of different normative characteristics.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Child- and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: development and preliminary results.

OBJECTIVE: To describe child- and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CFF-CBT), a new developmentally sensitive psychosocial intervention for pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) that is intended for use along with medication. CFF-CBT integrates principles of family-focused therapy with those of CBT. The theoretical framework is based on (1). the specific problems of children and families coping with bipolar disorder, (2). a biological theory of excessive reactivity, and (3). the role of environmental stressors in outcome. CFF-CBT actively engages parents and children over 12 hour-long sessions. METHOD: An exploratory investigation was conducted to determine the feasibility of CFF-CBT. Participants included 34 patients with PBD (mean age 11.33 years, SD = 3.06) who were treated with CFF-CBT plus medication in a specialty clinic. Treatment integrity, adherence, and parent satisfaction were assessed. Symptom severity and functioning were evaluated before and after treatment using the severity scales of the Clinical Global Impression Scales for Bipolar Disorder (CGI-BP) and the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) respectively. RESULTS: On completion of therapy, patients with PBD showed significant reductions in severity scores on all CGI-BP scales and significantly higher CGAS scores compared to pretreatment results. High levels of treatment integrity, adherence, and satisfaction were achieved. CONCLUSIONS: CFF-CBT has a strong theoretical and conceptual foundation and represents a promising approach to the treatment of PBD. Preliminary results support the potential feasibility of the intervention.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

A pharmacotherapy algorithm for stabilization and maintenance of pediatric bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of an evidence-based pharmacotherapy algorithm in the treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder. METHOD: The study reports the results of a study of 64 bipolar type I subjects who were treated according to an algorithm developed in our specialty clinic. All subjects had been diagnosed using the Washington University in St. Louis Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Subjects scored an average of 28 (+/- 4) on the baseline Young Mania Rating Scale. All subjects were assessed over an 18-month period. In addition, we were able to match 17 of the 64 subjects in the algorithm sample for gender, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and diagnosis with an equal number of subjects in a psychopharmacology clinic who received treatment as usual. RESULTS: Prescribing clinicians were able to implement primary and secondary strategies, including detailed tactics of medication choices in the algorithm group. Growth curve analysis of the total algorithm group showed strong and significant improvement in symptoms. Analyses of the matched groups also showed strong effects for the treatment algorithm over treatment as usual. Treatment adherence and family satisfaction were higher in the algorithm group. CONCLUSION: An evidence-based, problem-solving pharmacotherapy algorithm is feasible and may be associated with better outcomes in the treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder. Randomized trials will be necessary to gather additional support for the algorithm's effectiveness.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2004

Exposure to community violence and violence perpetration: the protective effects of family functioning.

Although research has found that urban youth are exposed to excessive levels of community violence, few studies have focused on the factors that alter the risk of exposure to violence or the processes through which youth who are exposed to community violence do better or worse. This study investigates the risk of exposure to community violence and its relation to violence perpetration among a sample of 263 African American and Latino male youth living in inner-city neighborhoods. The study also examines the role that family functioning plays in moderating the risk. The study finds that youth from struggling families--those that consistently used poor parenting practices and had low levels of emotional cohesion--were more likely to be exposed to community violence. It also finds a relation between exposure to violence and later violence perpetration. However, youth exposed to high levels of community violence but living in families that functioned well across multiple dimensions of parenting and family relationship characteristics perpetrated less violence than similarly exposed youth from less well-functioning families.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Attitudes of American and Israeli staff toward people with intellectual disabilities.

We compared the inclusion-related attitudes of community agency staff in the United States and Israel. Samples of 147 (United States) and 74 (Israel) staff members were assessed with the Community Living Attitudes Scale (CLAS). Results showed that higher educational levels, regardless of nation, were associated with higher Empowerment scores, lower Exclusion scores, lower Sheltering scores, and higher Similarity scores. Empowerment attitudes were strongly related to differences in the agencies in which individuals were employed. Controlling for age, education, and agency, we found that staff in the United States had higher Empowerment scores than did Israeli staff. Israeli staff had higher Sheltering and Similarity scores and marginally higher Exclusion scores than did the United States staff.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

The developmental ecology of urban males' youth violence.

Data from a longitudinal study of 294 African American and Latino adolescent boys and their caregivers living in poor urban communities were used to test a developmental-ecological model of violence. Six annual waves of data were applied to evaluate the relations between microsystem influences of parenting and peer deviance (peer violence and gang membership), macrosystem influences of community structural characteristics and neighborhood social organization, and individual involvement in violence (level and growth). Structural equation modeling analyses showed that community structural characteristics significantly predicted neighborhood social processes. Parenting practices partially mediated the relation between neighborhood social processes and gang membership. Parenting practices was fully mediated in its relation to peer violence by gang membership. Gang membership was partially mediated by peer violence level in its relation to individual violence level. Although the overall set of relations does not satisfy mediation requirements fully in all instances, the model was validated for the most part, supporting a focus on a multilevel ecological model of influences on risk development.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Attitudes of senior psychiatry residents toward persons with intellectual disabilities.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the attitudes of senior residents in psychiatry toward persons with intellectual disabilities. Examining residents' attitudes will highlight areas of training that could be enhanced to better prepare psychiatrists to work with individuals with intellectual disabilities. METHOD: A questionnaire was distributed to senior psychiatry residents at a Canada-wide preparatory session for the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Included in the questionnaire was the Community Living Attitudes Scale Mental Retardation--Short Form (CLAS) as well as demographic items (for example, age, sex, and marital status) and questions about training in intellectual disabilities. Scores on the 4 CLAS subscales (Empowerment, Similarity, Exclusion, and Sheltering) are reported, and analyses of variance were performed to identify factors associated with each subscale score. The residents' scores are compared with those obtained in surveys of other groups. RESULTS: Fifty-eight senior residents from across Canada completed the questionnaire. The residents' scores favored Empowerment and Similarity over Exclusion and Sheltering. Men and women responded differently. Training in intellectual disabilities during residency only appeared to influence the Similarity subscale scores. CONCLUSION: Senior psychiatry residents hold attitudes toward persons with intellectual disabilities that are not entirely consistent with the community living philosophic paradigm. More research is needed to uncover how attitudes of psychiatrists develop, as well as how training can influence attitudes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Feeling at home in one's school: a first look at a new measure.

We report on the development of the Hospitality Scale, which measures two aspects of adolescents' perception of social capital in school-the extent to which they perceive that they have social capital and the extent to which they provide social capital to others. The scale was developed in reference to the literature exploring adolescent social isolation and social tolerance, as well as constructs developed in research on adults, especially related to psychological sense of community and collective efficacy. We examine the reliability of the scale and the association between scale scores and behavioral factors that may reflect social isolation.

Adolescent↗