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Biomedical subjects

David Crich

Publications and source records attributed to David Crich.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Design and synthesis of highly constrained factor Xa inhibitors: amidine-substituted bis(benzoyl)--diazepan-2-ones and bis(benzylidene)-bis(gem-dimethyl)cycloketones.

Two conformationally constrained templates have been designed to provide selective inhibitors of the coagulation cascade serine protease, Factor Xa (FXa). The most active inhibitor, 2,7-bis[(Z)-p-amidinobenzylidene)]-3,3,6,6-tetramethylcycloheptanone, exhibits a K(i) of 42 nM against FXa, with strong selectivity against thrombin (1000-fold), trypsin (300-fold) and plasmin (900-fold). With only two freely rotatable bonds, molecular modeling suggests that one amidine group is positioned into the S1 pocket, forming hydrogen bonds with the side chain of Asp189, similar to other amidine-based inhibitors, with the second benzamidine positioned into the S4 pocket in a position to form strong cation-pi bonding with the S4 aryl cage. We suggest that this interaction plays an important role in the specificity of these inhibitors against other serine proteases.

Antithrombin III↗
PubMed2003

Tandem polar/radical crossover sequences for the formation of fused and bridged bicyclic nitrogen heterocycles involving radical ionic chain reactions, and alkene radical cation intermediates, performed under reducing conditions: scope and limitations.

It is demonstrated that phosphorylated forms of beta-nitro alcohols provide an excellent means of entry into beta-(phosphatoxy)alkyl radicals on exposure to tributyltin hydride and AIBN in benzene at reflux. These radicals then undergo heterolytic cleavage of the phosphate group to yield alkene radical cation/phosphate anion contact ion pairs which are trapped intramolecularly in a tandem polar/radical crossover sequence involving radical ionic chain reactions by allylic and propargylic amines. The substitution pattern of the alkene radical cation dictates the cyclization mode, and this may be engineered to form fused ring systems by an initial exo-mode nucleophilic cyclization or bridged bicyclic systems when the nucleophilic attack takes place in the endo-mode.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

The 4,6-O-[alpha-(2-(2- iodophenyl)ethylthiocarbonyl)benzylidene] protecting group: stereoselective glycosylation, reductive radical fragmentation, and synthesis of beta-D-rhamnopyranosides and other deoxy sugars.

[reaction: see text] In the thioglycoside/BSP/Tf(2)O glycosylation method, the 4,6-O-[alpha-(2-(2-iodophenyl)ethylthiocarbonyl)benzylidene] group enforces beta-selectivity in mannopyranosylations. Following glycosylation, treatment with Bu(3)SnH in toluene at reflux affords regioselective, reductive fragmentation to the 6-deoxy-beta-mannosides (beta-rhamnosides). Applied to glucosides, the radical fragmentation provides 6-deoxyglucosides, whereas 4-deoxygalactosides are the preferred products in the galactose series. The radical fragmentation is fully compatible with the presence of benzyl and p-methoxybenzyl ethers and with acetate esters

Benzylidene Compounds↗
PubMed2003

Asymmetric synthesis of highly substituted beta-nitro alcohols and enantiomerically enriched 4,4,5-trisubstituted oxazolidinones.

It is demonstrated that alpha,alpha-disubstituted-alpha-nitroketones are reduced to the corresponding trisubstituted nitro alcohols in good to excellent yield and enantiomeric excess by borane-dimethyl sulfide in the presence of a chiral oxazaborolidine catalyst. Reduction of the nitro alcohols to the corresponding amino alcohols and their subsequent conversion to enantiomerically enriched 4,4,5-trisubstituted oxazoldinones is also reported.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Direct synthesis of the beta-l-rhamnopyranosides.

The direct formation of beta-l-rhamnopyranosides by means of thioglycoside donors protected with a 2-O-sulfonate ester and, ideally, a 4-O-benzoyl ester, is reported. Activation is achieved with the combination of 1-benzenesulfinyl piperidine and triflic anhydride in the presence of 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylpyrimidine. Selectivities vary from moderate to good, and the sulfonyl group is easily removed post-glycosylation with sodium amalgam in 2-propanol.

Glycosylation↗
PubMed2002

Fluorous dimethyl sulfide: a convenient, odorless, recyclable borane carrier.

Borane gas and 2-(perfluorooctyl)ethyl methyl sulfide form a solid comprised of an approximately 1:1 mixture (fluorous BMS) of sulfide and the corresponding sulfide-borane. Fluorous BMS permits hydroboration of alkenes in a dichloromethane/perfluorinated hydrocarbon mixture with subsequent recycling of the fluorous sulfide by fluorous extraction. The use of fluorous BMS in the asymmetric reduction of ketones catalyzed by a chiral oxaborolidine catalyst, and in the reduction of other functional groups, is also reported. [reaction: see text]

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Diastereoselectivity in the cyclization of alkene radical cations generated under non-oxidizing conditions: contact ion pairs and memory effects.

A series of highly diastereomerically enriched 1,5-dimethyl-, 2,5-dimethyl-, and 3,5-dimethyl-N-benzyl-5-nitro-4-(diphenylphosphatoxy)hexylamines were exposed to tributyltin hydride and AIBN in benzene at reflux. The ensuing reactions, interpreted in terms of radical denitration, radical ionic fragmentation, and nucleophilic substitution, lead to the formation of pyrrolidines with moderate to high diastereoselectivity. In five out of the six cases, the diastereoselectivity is best interpreted by backside attack by the amine on the initial contact ion pair generated by radical ionic fragmentation. In the exception that proves the rule, this mode of attack is disfavored by 1,3A strain in the initial contact ion pair, resulting in equilibration and subsequent attack on the opposite face.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Solid-phase synthesis of beta-mannosides.

The linkage of S-phenyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-alpha-D-thiomannopyranoside to a cross-linked polystyrene support in the form of its 4,6-O-polystyrylborinate ester is described. The activation of this polymer-supported mannosyl donor is achieved at -60 degrees C in dichloromethane in the presence of 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylpyrimidine with the combination 1-benzenesulfinyl piperidine and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride. Addition of the donor alcohol at -60 degrees C followed by warming to room temperature and subsequent cleavage from the resin by gentle heating in aqueous acetone yields anomerically pure 2,3-di-O-benzyl-beta-D-mannopyranosides in excellent yield. Successful, diastereoselective coupling is demonstrated with a range of primary, secondary, and tertiary glycosyl acceptors, including typical carbohydrates and threonine derivatives.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗
PubMed2002

Generation and trapping of alkene radical cations under nonoxidizing conditions: formation of six-membered rings by exo- and endo-mode cyclizations.

[reaction: see text] It is demonstrated that alkene radical cations generated by the radical ionic fragmentation of beta-(phosphatoxy)alkyl radicals undergo efficient nucleophilic capture by amines in either the 6-exo or 6-endo modes, leading to six-membered nitrogen heterocycles. Suitable placement of an alkene enables the juxtaposition of a radical cyclization resulting in the formation of both the indolizidine and 1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeleta.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Synthesis of the Salmonella type E(1) core trisaccharide as a probe for the generality of 1-(benzenesulfinyl)piperidine/triflic anhydride combination for glycosidic bond formation from thioglycosides.

A synthesis of a chromogenic glycoside of the Salmonella anatum group E(1) core trisaccharide is presented in which all three glycosidic bonds, a 1,2-cis-equatorial, a 1,2-trans-axial, and a 1,2-trans-equatorial linkage representing three of the four main classes of glycosidic bond, are formed with thioglycoside donors activated under a single set of conditions by the combination of 1-(benzenesulfinyl)piperidine and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride. 2,3-O-Carbonyl- and 2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl thioglycosides are found to be highly alpha-selective rhamnosyl donors under these conditions.

Chemistry, Organic↗
PubMed2002

Stereoselective formation of glycosyl sulfoxides and their subsequent equilibration: ring inversion of an alpha-xylopyranosyl sulfoxide dependent on the configuration at sulfur.

A series of four S-allyl D-thiopyranosides, alpha- and beta-manno and xylo, were oxidized with MCPBA at low temperature to give seven of the eight possible sulfoxides, whose configuration at sulfur was determined either directly by X-ray crystallography or by correlation with closely related structures. For the axial thioglycosides oxidation leads very predominantly to the (R)(S)-diastereomer in the xylo series and exclusively so in the manno series; the configuration at C2 is of little importance in determining the stereoselectivity of oxidation of axial thioglycopyranosides. In the equatorial series the configuration at C2 has a significant effect on the outcome of the reaction as, although both series favored the (S)(S)-sulfoxide, selectivity was significantly higher in the case of the beta-mannoside than of the beta-xyloside. The two alpha-xylo sulfoxides have different conformations of the pyranoside ring with the (R)(S)-isomer adopting the (1)C(4) chair and the (S)(S)-diastereomer the (4)C(1). Each pair of diastereomeric sulfoxides was thermally equilibrated in C(6)D(6) and in CD(3)OD. In the mannose series the kinetic isomers are also thermodynamically preferred. In the xylose series, on the other hand, the nature of the thermodynamic isomer in both the alpha- and beta-anomers is a function of solvent with a switch observed on going from C(6)D(6) to CD(3)OD. The results are rationalized in terms of the exo-anomeric effect, steric shielding provided by H3 and H5 in the axial series, the interaction of the C2-O2 and sulfoxide dipoles, and increased steric interactions on hydrogen bonding of the sulfoxides to CD(3)OD.

Crystallography, X-Ray↗
PubMed2002

Radical contraction of 1,3,2-dioxaphosphepanes to 1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes: a kinetic and (17)O NMR spectroscopic study.

Two diastereomeric 5-bromo-4-phenyl-2-phenoxy-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxophosphepanes have been synthesized and used to study the contraction of 4-phenyl-2-phenoxy-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxophosphorinan-5-yl radicals. Kinetics were determined by competition methods and demonstrate Arrhenius parameters typical of rearrangements of this kind. Isotopic labeling reveals that all rearrangements are formally of the 1,2-type with retention of configuration at phosphorus. Analysis of the stereochemistry of the rearrangements, however, reveals the two diastereomers to take different paths with respect to the geometry of the presumed alkene radical cation intermediate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Confirmation of the connectivity of 4,8,12,16,20-pentamethylpentacosylphoshoryl beta-D-mannopyranoside, an unusual beta-mannosyl phosphoisoprenoid from Mycobacterium avium, through synthesis.

The synthesis of the title glycolipid is reported. Comparison of the electrospray and high-energy collision-induced dissociation mass spectra of the synthetic material with those reported for the isolate confirm the structure of this unusual antigenic substance with its modified isoprenoid chain.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗
PubMed2002

An oxyanion-hole selective serine protease inhibitor in complex with trypsin.

p-amidinophenylmethylphosphinic acid (AMPA) was designed, synthesized and crystallized in complex with trypsin to study interactions with the oxyanion hole at the S1 site. In comparison to benzamidine, AMPA shows improved activity, which the crystal structure demonstrates to result from hydrogen bonds between the negatively charged phosphinic acid group and the catalytic residues at the oxyanion hole.

Anions↗
PubMed1999

Chemistry of 4,6-O-Benzylidene-D-glycopyranosyl Triflates: Contrasting Behavior between the Gluco and Manno Series.

Activation of either anomer of S-phenyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-1-deoxy-1-thia-D-glucopyranoside with triflic anhydride in dichloromethane at -78 degrees C in the presence of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine affords a highly active glycosylating species which, on addition of alcohols, provides alpha-glucosides with high selectivity. This selectivity stands in stark contrast to the analogous mannopyranoside series, which affords the beta-mannosides with excellent selectivity under the same conditions. Low-temperature NMR experiments support the notion that a glucosyl triflate is formed in the initial activation step. Possible reasons for the diverging stereoselectivity in the gluco and manno series are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Diverging Effects of Steric Congestion on the Reaction of Tributylstannyl Radicals with Areneselenols and Aryl Bromides and Their Mechanistic Implications.

The effects of bulky ortho,ortho' groups on the reactions of aryl bromides and areneselenols with tributylstannane have been studied. Bulky ortho,ortho' groups accelerate the reaction of the bromides with the stannane but retard the reactions of the selenols. On the other hand, ab initio and force field calculations show that introducing bulky ortho substituents into selenols causes a greater increase in strain than in the corresponding bromides. Two possible explanations for the divergent reactivity patterns are advanced. On one hand, it is possible that bromine abstraction by stannyl radicals from aryl bromides proceeds in a single step through a linear transition state whereas the abstraction of SeH from the selenols involves a T-shaped, hypervalent intermediate. Alternatively, it may be that both reactions are concerted with the bromine abstraction having a late transition state and the SeH abstraction an early one. Approximate second-order rate constants for the reaction of tributylstannane with a range of hindered aryl bromides are derived from competition reactions. 2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylbenzeneselenol is able to function moderately well as a catalyst for the stannane-mediated reactions of vinyl bromides. The X-ray crystal structure of bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl) diselenide is presented.

Journal Article↗