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Biomedical subjects

David J Ball

Publications and source records attributed to David J Ball.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Societal concerns and risk decisions.

Societal concern is a relatively new term and refers to hazards with the capability to generate socio-political responses. Hazards invoking societal concerns pose a challenge to decision makers for they oftentimes have major policy implications yet frequently lack the analytic support affording them such elevated status. Regulators and corporate risk managers, therefore, have been confronted with the difficult question -how and to what extent should societal concerns be factored into risk management decisions? - a question which is compounded by the tendency of 'politicians' to want to accommodate these concerns. Here we first seek to explore the drivers of societal concerns prior to considering the implications for decision makers. We conclude that societal concerns stem from highly disparate causes, are not necessarily originated by the public as is often implied, and as such have markedly differing legitimacies. Furthermore, we note that attempts to incorporate societal concerns into risk decisions raise a host of methodological, political, and ethical issues which suggest, at the very least, that deep caution is required, especially where policy implications are high.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2006

Foreign travel and the risk of harm.

Systematic data on the risk of fatal and non-fatal injury from external causes to those who travel abroad for purposes of business or pleasure are seldom recorded and are consequently hard to come by. In this paper, the risk of fatal injuries to foreign travellers using historical and newly acquired data from national databases is estimated. Overall, it appears from these data that the risk of fatal injury to foreign travellers lies in the range of 20 to 90 per 100 000 person-years of exposure for many destinations worldwide, although different rates may pertain in selected situations where special conditions apply, for example, where there is heavy participation in risky sports or increased driving. This level of fatal injury risk is not noticeably different from that of staying in one's home country if one lives in a Western-style industrial country, although the types of hazards responsible may vary in type and proportion. With increasing levels of travel, and the growing popularity of more adventurous pursuits, it is possible that risks could be increasing in this sector.

Accidents↗
PubMed2005

The UK Committee on Radioactive Waste Management.

The UK Committee on Radioactive Waste Management is charged with recommending to Government, by July 2006, options for the long term management of the UK's radioactive waste legacy. These options should inspire public confidence. Now, more than halfway into the time allotted, we, as two former members of the Committee, express our concerns at the wayward approach that has been adopted. The Committee has placed emphasis on gaining public confidence but this has been done at the expense of recruiting the best scientific expertise in the management of radioactive waste, an act which we believe will actually undermine public confidence. Furthermore, given also the immense importance of this decision to public safety, national security and the national interest, we believe urgent steps should be taken to review the Committee's process, its management and its sponsorship.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Policy issues and risk-benefit trade-offs of 'safer surfacing' for children's playgrounds.

The case for the universal application of 'safer surfacing' in playgrounds is assessed in terms of absolute risk, cost-benefit, and qualitative factors, and found to be open to question on each front. In parallel, it is noted that members of the child welfare and play communities are increasingly of the view that playgrounds are losing their appeal for children, which in turn has its own health, safety and developmental consequences. In part, this loss of attractiveness may have linkages with the recent concern over play safety and the imposition of measures such as 'safer surfacing'. It is proposed that the drive for play safety, which has existed for some 20 years, should be succeeded by a more holistic approach which, rather than considering play safety in isolation, acknowledges the importance of all attributes of play including child safety both on and off playgrounds, potential beneficial aspects of childhood risk exposure, adventure, and play value.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Environmental risk assessment and the intrusion of bias.

The concept of managing the environment and any associated human health impacts by means of such science-based tools as toxicological evaluation, risk assessment, and economic appraisal has become widely accepted in professional circles. These increasingly complex methodologies have not won universal support, however, even among the technically minded, and the wider public has in many cases remained sceptical. The public's seeming lack of enthusiasm has frequently been assigned to ignorance of science, irrationality even, and some attempts have been made to ameliorate the situation by means of education, though with little evidence of success. However, this review advances an alternative explanation, namely, that the disenchantment has more to do with procedural than technical matters. Many issues, although treated with technical risk assessment appear to have forced themselves onto the agenda because of factors only passingly connected with risk, and which are more related to the intrusion of disputed values and other sources of bias. This paper also notes that the intervention of bias in decision making is rife, and is found as much in professional as in public approaches. This need not itself be a problem, providing it is recognised and openly expressed. However, there remains a need for much greater circumspection and frankness by professions about the status of their art, and a determined effort if the full social benefits of environmental risk assessment (ERA) are to be realised.

Decision Support Techniques↗