PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

De-Min Han

Publications and source records attributed to De-Min Han.

16 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

[Histopathologic study of the ethmoid bone in chronic sinusitis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the histopathologic study of the ethmoid bone in chronic sinusitis (CRS) and the role of bone pathology in the pathogenesis of CRS. METHODS: Specimens of mucosa of ethmoid sinus with bone were collected during operation from 40 patients with CRS, 25 males and 15 females, aged 44.8, and specimens of mucosa of ethmoid sinus were collected from 16 patients with other otorhinolaryngologic diseases, 9 males and 7 females, aged 40.9 during operation. The specimens underwent HE, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and Van Gieson staining so as to obtain the scores of nasal mucosa inflammation, pathology of mucoperiosteum and bone, and activity of bone remodeling. RESULTS: The average score of mucosal inflammation of the CRS group was 2.30 +/- 0.88, significantly higher than that of the control group (1.38 +/- 0.81, P = 0.004). The score of mucoperiosteum and bone pathology of the CRS group was 1.65 +/- 0.84, significantly higher than that of the control group (1.00 +/- 0.73, P = 0.004). The score of bone remodeling activity of the CRS group was 2.15 +/- 0.74, significantly higher than that of the control group (1.56 +/- 0.63, P = 0.007). In the CRS patients, the score of mucosal inflammation was not significantly correlated with the mucoperiosteum and bone pathology (R = 0.047, P = 0.772), and the activity of bone remodeling (R = 0.021, P = 0.897). CONCLUSION: The ethmoid bone of CRS patients shows marked fibrosis, bone remodeling, structure of woven bone, and pathologic changes similar to those of chronic osteomyelitis, especially bone absorption, new bone formation, etc.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2006

Preliminary study on digitized nasal and temporal bone anatomy.

The purpose of this study was to explore a feasible method for the reconstruction of the nasal and temporal bone structures of the Chinese virtual human project and provide a more accurate and facilitated way view them three-dimensionally (3D). The 3-D Slicer software was used to reconstruct the anatomic structures of the human nose and temporal bone. Segmentation and extraction of the contours of the ROI (region of interest) in each single slice were conducted and the processed volume data was transferred into the 3-D Slicer. After resegmentation, a set of labeled maps of the ROI were produced. Based on these maps, the 3D surface models of the tissues of interest were constructed. Four groups of paranasal sinuses, nasal septa, middle and inferior turbinates, temporal bones, tympanic cavities, mastoid air cells, sigmoid sinuses, and internal carotid arteries were reconstructed successfully. These models show spatial relationships and orientation between them. The results show that the 3-D Slicer may be used for the 3D visualization of parts of anatomic structures in the nose and temporal bone based on the first Chinese virtual human data, and thus, can facilitate the observation and understanding of the anatomic structures in this area.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Characteristics of computed tomography of allergic fungal sinusitis].

OBJECTIVE: To sum up the characteristics of computed tomography of allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) and to compare the CT changes with the findings in the operation. The diagnostic role of CT scan was discussed. METHODS: The CT scans of 21 patients diagnosed as AFS were analyzed. The patients ranged from 15 to 50 years old,there were 17 males and 4 females. The CT was scanned with both bony and soft tissue windows. The preoperative examinations included nasal endoscopy, skin prick test, total serum IgE and nasal secretion smear. The findings in the operation were compared with the preoperative CT scans. Histopathology and fungal smear were done postoperatively. RESULTS: Endoscopy showed that all patients had polyps with wasfy yellow or inspissated white secretion. Nine cases (11 sides) showed yellow-to-brown material similar to peanut butter in the nasal cavities. Nasal CT scan demonstrated unilateral lesion in 10 cases (10 sides) and bilateral lesions in 11 cases (22 sides), who were all pansinus diseases. CT scan demonstrated a sheet areas of high-attenuation like "ground glass" within sinuses coupled with soft tissue image around them. Bone erosion of anterior skull base was encountered in 3 cases (4 sides). One case showed the intracranial extension. Twenty cases had conceived nasal endoscopic sinus surgeries. One case underwent endoscopic sinus surgery combined with coronal approach. The yellow-to-brown material (allergic mucin) was detected in the cavities of 17 cases. Four cases had green-to-brown secretion like mud. After follow-up of 6 months to 7 years, 14 cases were cured, 7 cases improved. Among them, 3 cases had to get revision surgeries because of recurrence 2 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristic of a sheet area of high-attenuation like " ground glass" within sinuses coupled with soft tissue image around them in computed tomography of nasal sinus, accompanied with invasive expansion or bone erosion, has a diagnostic significance for AFS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Clinical features of probable severe acute respiratory syndrome in Beijing.

AIM: To summarize clinical features of probable severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Beijing. METHODS: Retrospective cases involving 801 patients admitted to hospitals in Beijing between March and June 2003, with a diagnosis of probable SARS, moderate type. The series of clinical manifestation, laboratory and radiograph data obtained from 801 cases were analyzed. RESULTS: One to three days after the onset of SARS, the major clinical symptoms were fever (in 88.14% of patients), fatigue, headache, myalgia, arthralgia (25-36%), etc. The counts of WBC (in 22.56% of patients) lymphocyte (70.25%) and CD3, CD4, CD8 positive T cells (70%) decreased. From 4-7 d, the unspecific symptoms became weak; however, the rates of low respiratory tract symptoms, such as cough (24.18%), sputum production (14.26%), chest distress (21.04%) and shortness of breath (9.23%) increased, so did the abnormal rates on chest radiograph or CT. The low counts of WBC, lymphocyte and CD3, CD4, CD8 positive T cells touched bottom. From 8 to 16 d, the patients presented progressive cough (29.96%), sputum production (13.09%), chest distress (29.96%) and shortness of breath (35.34%). All patients had infiltrates on chest radiograph or CT, some even with multi-infiltrates. Two weeks later, patients' respiratory symptoms started to alleviate, the infiltrates on the lung began to absorb gradually, the counts of WBC, lymphocyte and CD3, CD4, CD8 positive T cells were restored to normality. CONCLUSION: The data reported here provide evidence that the course of SARS could be divided into four stages, namely the initial stage, progressive stage, fastigium and convalescent stage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Analysis of factors effecting satisfaction of cochlear implants in prelingually deafened adolescents].

OBJECTIVE: By means of investigating how the benefit and the influence factors are for the pre-lingual deaf adolescents who received cochlear implantation (CI) METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 30 prelingually deaf adolescents-cochlear implant recipients, aged 9 approximately 20, 15 of which began to use hearing aid before the age of 6, and 19 of which had received speech testing after the CI, and their families to understand the degree of satisfaction, anticipation of the outcome. Nine of the 15 patients who began to use hearing aid before the age of 6 communicated by the oral communication/labial reading model (oral group), and 10 of the other 15 patients who had not used hearing aid after the age of 6 mainly communicated by sign language (sign group). RESULTS: The satisfaction score of the group with a hearing aid fitting history was 3.93 +/- 0.88, significantly higher than that of the group without a hearing aid fitting history (3.00 +/- 1.13, P < 0.05). The scores of speech production ability in vowel, consonant, single syllable, disyllable, trisyllable, and short sentence in the groups with and without a hearing aid fitting history were 76%/52%, 64%/45%, 71%/26%, 82%/96%, 68%/12%, and 49%/13% respectively (all P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the speech production ability in tone (P > 0.05) between these 2 groups. There were no significant differences in the total satisfaction degree, satisfaction degree in speech sound, and satisfaction degree in environmental sound between the oral group and sign group (all P > 0.05). The scores in vowel, consonant, single syllable, disyllable, trisyllable, short sentence, and tone of the oral and sign group were 74%, 60%, 64%, 61%, 57%, 43%, 27% and 43%, 39%, 26%, 26%, 20%, 6%, 5% respectively (all P > 0.01). The anticipation of the patient and the parents about outcome before implantation was negatively correlated with the satisfaction degree after implantation, (gamma = -0.479, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Cochlear implantation benefits greatly the deaf adolescent; however, it is necessary to establish a specific evaluation system according to recipients' needs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Comparisons between neural response imaging thresholds, electrically evoked auditory reflex thresholds and most comfortable loudness levels in CII bionic ear users with HiResolution sound processing strategies.

CONCLUSIONS: The data collected in this study indicated that first Neural Response Imaging (NRI) thresholds had a better correlation with HiResolution most comfortable loudness (M) levels than tNRI thresholds. Electrically evoked auditory reflex thresholds (EARTs) had a higher correlation with HiResolution M levels than tNRI thresholds and a lower correlation than first NRI thresholds. NRI is a very useful method for programming the cochlear implants of young children who cannot demonstrate a reliable judgment of loudness. OBJECTIVE: To investigate how HiResolution sound processing, designed to deliver high-rate stimuli, relates to EARTs and electrically evoked compound action potential measurements produced by low-rate stimuli. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nine profoundly hearing-impaired children and adults aged 6-29 years participated in the study. NRI responses were elicited using pulse trains consisting of biphasic pulses at a pulse width per phase of 32 micros delivered at a frequency of 30 Hz using SoundWave programming software. Stimuli were delivered to the odd electrodes (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15) along the array. tNRI (NRI threshold) and first NRI thresholds were recorded for each stimulating electrode. "Speech bursts" stimuli used in EARTs recording were delivered to four electrodes at a time and stapedial reflexes were recorded from the impedance bridge. The M levels used were those used by each patient in their everyday HiResolution programs. RESULTS: For 8 patients (53 stimulating electrodes) the correlation between tNRI threshold and M level was r=0.675 (p=0.000) and that between first NRI thresholds and M level was r=0.741 (p=0.000). On average the M-level value was 20 CU (Current Unit) lower than the first NRI threshold value and 12 CU higher than the tNRI threshold value. The M-level patterns across the electrode array overall were similar to the tNRI or first NRI threshold patterns. For 7 patients (112 stimulating electrodes) the correlation between EART and M levels was r=0.710 (p=0.000). On average the EART value was 14 CU higher than the M-level value.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Patterns of spasmodic dysphonia and botulinum toxin injections].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the patterns of spasmodic dysphonia and the outcome treated with botulinum toxin A injections. METHODS: All subjects were studied with acoustic analysis, laryngostroboscopy and laryngeal electromyography (EMG) including motor unit potential measure (MUP), recruitment pattern analysis and evoked electromyography. All the patients with spasmodic dysphonia were received botulinum toxin A (BOTOX) injections in each affected muscles and mostly under electromyographic guidance. RESULTS: Among 22 cases of spasmodic dysphonia, 18 cases of adductor dysphonic patients have strained, strangled voice with intermittent breaks in speech as a consequence of hyperadduction and spasm of the vocal folds during phonation. Two patients had synchronous pharyngeal, lingual and velar tremor. Amplitudes of MUP of thyroarytenoid muscle (TA) were greater in patients group than in normal group (P < 0.01); The recruitment activity was increased and the amplitudes were greater than normal group (700-2500 microV) and the duration of activity of the TA during phonation was also notably greater in patients group than in normal group. Four cases of abductor dysphonic patients have a breathy, effortful hypophonic voice with abrupt termination of voicing. Amplitudes of MUP of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) in patients group were increased up to 374 to 538 microV. The recruitment activity was increased and the amplitude was greater than normal(3000-5000 microV). In the adductor dysphonic group, patients who were treated with unilateral toxin injection had good results with 2.5 U or more. The average onset of toxin effect in all adductor dysphonic patients was at 6 hours to 2 days (1.4+/-0. 8) days (x +/- s), with a peak effect at 2 weeks and the follow-up EMG showed fibrillation potentials or electric silence in injected muscle. Duration of benefit was 8 to 24 weeks (15.2 +/- 4.9) weeks. The side-effect of toxin injection were including breathy voice or occasional dysphagia and aspiration. The patients with abductor spasms were less well controlled after PCA injections. CONCLUSIONS: Spasmodic dysphonia was regarded as a neuromuscular diseases, so its diagnosis, classification, treatment and follow-up should depend on not only clinical manifestation but also EMG. Presently, for controlling the dystonic symptoms, the most effective therapy for most of those patients is local BOTOX injections. Repeated injections are required to have a stable results.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Hearing impairment in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the degrees of peripheral auditory dysfunction and clinical dementia rating (CDR) in the patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Pure-tone thresholds (PT), word recognition scores (WRS), acoustic immittance and auditory brain-stem responses (ABR) were done to evaluate the auditory function in 24 cases of the patients with MCI and in 31 cases of the patients with AD and in 50 subjects of the control group. Clinical dementia rating (CDR) questionnaire was used to define the dementia degree of the subjects. RESULTS: Twenty-four MCI patients and 31 AD patients were selected, with average age of 72.0 +/- 6. 5 and 73.1+/-7. 5 of whom 70.8% and 67.7% were female separately. There was no significant difference in PTT and WRS between the MCI and AD groups (P > 0.05). In order to ascertain the relationship between hearing level and degree of dementia, all subjects were divided into 4 groups according their hearing loss (PTA <25 dB:0, 25-30 dB:1, 31-35 dB:2, >35 dB:3) to compare their CDR scores (the control:0, MCI:0. 5, mild AD:1). The more the CDR scores have, the more hearing impairment after controlling the confounder factors (Kendalls tau b = - 0.285, P = 0.018). No significant difference was found between the two groups in audiometry reliability, acoustic immittance and ABR (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The positive relationship was founded the peripheral hearing impairment and the score of CDR questionnaire in less than 0.5 score of CDR groups and mild AD patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Long-term surgical results for congenital aural atresia and hearing reconstruction].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the stability of hearing results and complications in long-term following-up who underwent reconstruction surgery. METHODS: Six hundreds and seventy five cases (700 ears) of congenital aural atresia were reviewed from January 1984 to January 2001 at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tongren hospital. Except 40 ears undone hearing reconstruction, 635 cases (660 ears) underwent long-term following-up for 3 to 19 years, with an average of 7.9 years. RESULTS: Stenosis and recurrent infection of the external auditory canal (EAC) were the most frequent complications. Stenosis was seen in 120 ears, and 2 ears re-atresia, with an incidence of 18.48% (122/660). Recurrent infection of the cavity and canal skin happened in 6 ears. Closure of the air-bone gap (ABG) post-operation were gained in all cases, and ABG gains 20 dB or more occurred in 512 ears (77.57%), but 30 dB or more in 231 ears (35%). Following-up results: Stable hearing results gained in 450 ears over the length of following-up; the hearing worsened than that of 3 weeks postoperatively occurred in 160 ears, including 2 ears with sensorineural hearing loss. Hearing deteriorated more than 20 dB happened in 35 ears, and 10-15 dB in others cases but still be improved compared with that of preoperation. CONCLUSIONS: Atresiaplasty surgery in individuals with congenital aural atresia can yield reliable, lasting hearing results in 68.2% (450/660), with a low incidence of complications; the initial improved hearing deteriorated gradually over the first 6 months post-operation, which are related with the stenosis and infection of canal. Cavity adhesion, bony EAC re-growth, ossicular chain re-fixation or displace may affect the hearing results in some cases. Even unilateral aural atresia may benefit from the reconstruction surgery and achieve serviceable hearing results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Follow-up study for newborns and infants who failed hearing screening].

OBJECTIVE: To study the audiological characteristics of newborns and infants who failed hearing screening. METHODS: One hundred and six infants failed hearing screening received follow-up study with routine audiological evaluations (auditory brainstem response, distortion product otoacoustic emission, tympanometry and visual reinforcement audiometry). RESULTS: Sixty-five infants (61.3%) of this group were normal hearing subjects and 39(36. 8% ) of the infants had hearing loss. Two cases (1.9%) received follow-up by phone. Fifteen cases (14.2%) with conductive hearing loss and 24 cases (22.6%) with sensorineural hearing loss. Thirteen (12.3%), 14 (13.2%), 6 (5.7%), and 6 (5.7%) cases were found to be mild, moderate, severe and profound hearing loss respectively. Diagnosis of hearing loss in the thirty-nine infants conducted a prevalence of 0.264% (39/14 785) of congenital hearing loss (both binaural and monaural). The hearing level of those cases with severe and profound hearing loss basically did not change, but that of cases with mild and moderate hearing loss changed. CONCLUSIONS: Early identification and intervention of infants with severe and profound hearing loss by 6 months of age were successful. Infants with mild and moderate hearing loss should be followed up to six or eight months and received routine audiologic evaluations.

Audiometry, Evoked Response↗
PubMed2005

[Blockage of allergic rhinitis in mice with recombinant protein of cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 extracellular domain].

OBJECTIVE: To explore a new immunotherapy against allergic rhinitis. METHODS: The recombinant protein of CTLA4 extracellular domain was obtained through construction of CTLA4-yeast expression system. The allergic rhinitis in mice was induced by sensitizing and challenging with ovalbumin (OVA). The allergic rhinitis related symptoms and the morphological changes in nasal mucosa were compared between the allergic rhinitis group and the CTLA4 extracellular domain group treated with CTLA4 extracellular domain before each challenge by ways of intraperitoneal injection. RESULTS: CTLA4 extracellular domain with a molecular weight of 28 000, which was confirmed by Western blot, could be generated through CTLA4-yeast expression system. The purified CTLA4 extracellular domain could inhibit T cells proliferation in mixed lymphocyte reaction with a inhibitory rate of 95.4%. The mice in allergic rhinitis group appeared typical allergic rhinitis symptoms after OVA challenge, such as rhinorrhea and sneeze. Meanwhile the nasal pathological studies showed edema and congestion in mucosa tissue and local influx of inflammatory cells. Whereas in CTLA4 extracellular domain group, the nasal symptoms were rarely observed, and the pathological change in nasal mucosa was significantly abated. CONCLUSIONS: The protein of CTLA4 extracellular domain could prevent the allergic rhinitis in mice. The underlying mechanism of which might be the inhibition of the T cell activation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Impact of olfactory nerve transection on the apoptosis of mice olfactory receptor neurons].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of olfactory nerve transection on the apoptosis of mice olfactory receptor neurons (ORN), and discuss the reliability of this experimental model. METHODS: After olfactory nerve transection of mice, anterograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing was performed to confirm the completion of nerve transection. On 8 h, 2 d, 3 d and 5 d after surgery, TdT mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) was used to observe the apoptosis of ORN, while relative semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to reflect the expression of olfactory marker protein (OMP, special marker of mature ORN) in olfactory epithelium. RESULTS: No HRP label was observed in olfactory bulb after olfactory nerve transaction. Both TUNEL-positive and OMP-positive cells were ORN. After the surgery, TUNEL-positive cells increased remarkably and peaked on 2 d after the surgery. Meanwhile OMP mRNA in olfactory epithelium began to decrease markedly till 5 d after the surgery, and the olfactory epithelium got thinner accordingly. CONCLUSIONS: This experimental model can be used reliably to sever mice olfactory nerve and manipulate simultaneous apoptosis of mice ORN.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[The COX regression analysis on the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of SARS].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effectiveness of corticosteroids (GCS) and to determine how to use it in the treatment of SARS. METHODS: All reported probable cases in Beijing were reviewed. Those who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria with an integrity clinical record were recruited in the study. A database was established and all the clinical data, including patients' personal information, epidemiological history, underlying diseases, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests and therapies after hospitalization, as well as the outcome of the disease, were inputted under a quality control. Unifactor and COX multifactor regression analysis were done. The dose of GCS was all expressed in that of methylprednisolone. RESULTS: 1291 cases were in consistence with the demands mentioned above. Among them, 1084 cases (83.96%) had used GCS and 207 did not in the course of SARS. There was no significant difference of average age (t = -1.08, P = 0.2808) and the time from SARS onset to hospitalization (P = 0.2797) between the two groups. COX regression showed that the risk of fatality in the GCS group was higher than that of those who did not use GCS (RR = 1.334, 95% of CI: 0.588 - 3.026). In the patients with comorbidities, RR was 2.086 (95% of CI: 0.694 - 6.267), and RR was 0.536 (95% of CI: 0.146 - 1.970) in the patients with no comorbidity. In those without any comorbidity, the initial doses, maximal doses, average doses and cumulative doses all showed a 'J' shape change. An appropriate dose could keep RR to be the lowest whereas the doses either higher or lower than it could increase RR. The initial dose with the lowest RR was 80 - 160 mg/d, the maximum 80 - 160 mg/d, the average < 80 mg/d and the cumulative one 1000 - 3000 mg although there was no statistical significance (all P > 0.05). RR was less than 1 in non-comorbidity patients who initiated GCS therapy before the 15th day of the disease. RR was 1.415 (95% of CI: 0.195 - 10.257) in the patients who began to use GCS over this period. Counting from hospitalization, the time of GCS use also showed a 'J' type change of RR. The initiation of GCS from day 5 to 7 had the lowest RR (0.282, 95% of CI: 0.043 - 1.828) and that from day 8 to 14 was 1 (95% of CI: 0.150 - 6.654). CONCLUSION: In the treatment of SARS, GCS seems to be effective. An appropriate dose and a right time of application decrease the risk of death. The use of GCS in SARS patients with comorbidities should be with caution.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Largest extension of CO2 laser surgery for laryngeal cancer in experimental animals].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the security and limit resection extension of CO2 laser surgery for laryngeal cancer in experimental animal under self-retaining laryngoscope. METHODS: Ten experimental dogs were selected and received CO2 laser surgery with self-retaining laryngoscope. Vertical partial or supraglottic horizontal laryngectomy was performed according to the surgical criteria. All the dogs were killed immediately (5/10) or 40 days later(5/10) by using air embolus postoperatively. The whole larynx was taken out, and specimens were embedded with colloidion and then serially sectioned. Dimension of excision and wound surface recovery status were observed. RESULTS: All the operations on experiment animals were successful and the results were satisfactory. The excision dimension was the same as standard surgery. Gross specimens and serial sectioning staining of 5 dogs were performed. And the other 5 dogs wound surface had already recovered. CONCLUSIONS: CO2 laser surgery was comparable with traditional vertical partial laryngectomy and supraglottic horizontal laryngectomy for excision size. Animals were able to survive the surgery, wound surface could recover spontaneously. It suggested the possibility of extended laryngectomy with laser.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Measurement of respiratory ciliary beat frequency quantified with high-speed digital microscopy].

OBJECTIVE: To accurately quantify the respiratory cilia activity, a high-speed phase-contrast imaging and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) analysis method were introduced. METHODS: Airway ciliated cells, from rabbit trachea, mouse trachea and human nose, were prepared by primary culture of airway epithelial cells. Phase-contrast images were detected with a digital high-speed camera, a progressive scan charge-coupled device(CCD) that provided images (648 pixels x 200 lines) at 240 frames per second (fps). A data analysis approach, which can measure the period [frequency (Hz) = 1/period] of each ciliary beat cycle to match the high temporal resolution of the image acquisition rate, was also introduced. RESULTS: The high signal-to-noise ratio of gray waveform was obtained by interactively selecting the optimal region of interest. The frequency of each ciliary beat cycle was determined from the period of each cycle of the gray -intensity waveform. At 30 degrees C, the basal CBF (x +/- s(x-)), from mouse, rabbit and human, were (15.6 +/- 0.7) Hz (n = 5), (13.2 +/- 0.9) Hz (n = 7), and (13.4 +/- 1.1) Hz (n = 5), respectively. No statistical difference was found among groups (P > 0.05). In response to extracellular ATP, CBF had a rapid increment that could occur in seconds, a behavior suggesting the necessity of the high temporary resolution data acquisition system. CONCLUSIONS: This ease of recording and replaying high-speed images may be useful in analyzing different phases and forms of ciliary beat patterns and perhaps in the diagnosis of cilia dysfunction-related diseases.

Animals↗