Factors affecting the presence of dissolved glutathione in estuarine waters.
We investigated factors influencing the presence of the thiol glutathione (GSH) in estuarine waters. Our study addressed thiol phase-association, the biological release from algal cultures, and the role of copper in both thiol release and preservation. Our measurements in three diverse estuaries in the continental United States (San Diego Bay, Cape Fear Estuary, and Norfolk Estuary) show that dissolved GSH, present at sub-nanomolar levels, is preferentially partitioned into the ultra-filtrate fraction (<1 kDa) in comparison with dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Concentrations of GSH generally increased with increases in total copper (Cu)levels, although large variability was observed among estuaries. In 30-h exposure experiments, release of dissolved GSH from the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii into organic ligand-free experimental media was a strong function of added Cu concentration. The released GSH increased from about 0.02 to 0.27 fmol/cell as Cu was increased from the background level (0.5 nM) to 310 nM in the modified Aquil media. However, excretion of GSH was lower (up to 0.13 fmol/cell) when cells were grown in surface waters of San Diego Bay, despite much higher total Cu concentrations. Experiments conducted in-situ in San Diego Bay water indicated that high concentrations of added Cu destabilized GSH, while both Mn(II) and natural colloids promoted GSH stability. In contrast, laboratory experiments in synthetic media indicated that moderate levels of added Cu enhanced GSH stability.