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Diane C Gooding

Publications and source records attributed to Diane C Gooding.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Attentional network task performance in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: evidence of a specific deficit.

Although attentional deficits are frequently displayed by schizophrenia and spectrum patients, the precise nature of the impairment is unclear. The present study investigates attentional performance in 26 schizophrenia-spectrum outpatients and 24 healthy controls using the Attentional Network Task (ANT). We assessed the efficiency of the segregated alerting, orienting, and executive control networks by measuring how response latencies were influenced by alerting cues, spatial cues, and flanking stimuli. In overall ANOVAs we found main effects of cue condition and flanker congruency. The data also revealed a significant interaction of group and flanker type, with schizophrenia-spectrum patients taking longer on average to resolve conflict. These results suggest that compared to the healthy nonpatients, schizophrenia-spectrum patients show a deficit in their executive control network. Considered together, these findings support the notion that schizophrenia-spectrum patients have a specific attentional deficit, rather than a global one. The significance of these findings is considered from both experimental and clinical perspectives.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Sustained attention deficits in relation to psychometrically identified schizotypy: evaluating a potential endophenotypic marker.

Sustained attention deficits have been posited as a potential endophenotypic marker of vulnerability to schizophrenia. Prior studies have indicated that schizophrenia patients, their first-degree relatives, and psychosis-prone individuals, identified on the basis of measures of positive schizotypy, have demonstrated sustained attention deficits. To date, there have been no published reports of sustained attention deficits in individuals with negative schizotypy, as measured by the revised Social Anhedonia Scale. In this study, we examined sustained attention, measured with the CPT-Identical Pairs version, in 160 individuals with elevated scores on the Chapman Perceptual Aberration and/or Magical Ideation Scales, 96 individuals with elevated scales on the Social Anhedonia Scale, and 137 controls. Both psychosis-prone groups performed more poorly than the controls in terms of discrimination ability, as measured by d', though the groups did not differ in terms of either their reaction time or overall response criterion (lnbeta). These results provide evidence that both positive and negative aspects of schizotypy are associated with sustained attention deficits, as measured by the Continuous Performance Test. The findings add to the converging evidence indicating that sustained attention deficits are a potential endophenotypic indicator of a schizophrenia diathesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Saccadic performance in questionnaire-identified schizotypes over time.

In the present study, 121 young adults (mean age=19 years), hypothesized to be at varying levels of risk for psychosis on the basis of their psychometric profiles, were administered saccadic (antisaccade and refixation) tasks at two separate assessments. At Time 1, individuals posited to be at heightened risk for the later development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (i.e., those individuals with elevated Social Anhedonia Scale [SAS] scores) produced significantly more antisaccade task errors than the controls. Despite apparent improvement in antisaccade task performance from initial testing to the follow-up (mean test-retest interval=59 months) across all groups, the Social Anhedonia (SocAnh) group continued to produce significantly more errors than the control group. The antisaccade task performance of the control group showed good temporal stability (Pearson's r=0.70, ICC=0.52), and the SocAnh group's performance showed excellent temporal stability (Pearson's r=0.85, ICC=0.83). The results of this investigation are twofold: First, antisaccade task performance is temporally stable, even in psychometrically identified schizotypes over long test-retest intervals; and secondly, Social Anhedonia Scale scores as well as Time 1 antisaccade task accuracy accounted for much of the variability in Time 2 antisaccade task performance. These findings add to the growing body of literature suggesting that antisaccade task deficits may serve as an endophenotypic marker of a schizophrenia diathesis.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Clinical status of at-risk individuals 5 years later: further validation of the psychometric high-risk strategy.

The authors hypothesized that at-risk individuals identified on the basis of their Chapman scale scores would be diagnosed with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders at follow-up. In the present study, the authors interviewed 135 young adults approximately 5 years following their initial assessment. The at-risk groups included high scorers on the Perceptual Aberration and/or Magical Ideation Scales (n=59) and high scorers on the revised Social Anhedonia Scale (n=32). The control participants (n=44) scored below 0.5 SD of the same-sex group means on all the scales. At the follow-up, the groups differed in terms of their likelihood of having a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis, Chi2(2)=9.79, p<.01. The at-risk groups reported more frequent and severe psychotic-like experiences relative to the control group. These findings support the predictive validity of the Chapman psychosis-proneness scales and may enhance the power of early detection efforts.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Nonverbal working memory deficits in schizophrenia patients: evidence of a supramodal executive processing deficit.

BACKGROUND: Although there have been several investigations of spatial working memory performance in schizophrenia patients, there have been considerably fewer studies of object working memory. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the domain specificity of nonverbal working memory impairment in schizophrenia patients. METHODS: Delayed match-to-sample tasks involving spatial, identity and affective information were administered to schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum patients (n=36) and normal controls (n=29). RESULTS: Using visual stimuli that can be considered prototypical of object vision, namely, faces we observed that schizophrenia patients perform poorly on working memory tasks that are based on the identity and/or features of the stimulus (i.e., object-based working memory tasks) as well as on a working memory task based on the spatial location of the stimulus. We observed significant associations between global ratings of negative symptoms and working memory performance. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that the working memory deficit displayed by schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum patients extends to nonspatial visual domains.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Visuoconstructive performance, implicit hemispatial inattention, and schizotypy.

The present study investigates visuoconstructive performance and hemispatial inattention in schizotypic college students and control subjects using the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (CFT). Both copy and delay CFT accuracy, as well as line bisection scores on the CFT, were examined in right-handed males reporting positive schizotypy (deviantly high scorers on the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation Scales; n=24) and those reporting negative schizotypy (deviantly high scorers on the revised Social Anhedonia Scale and Physical Anhedonia Scale; n=26), as well as controls (n=45). The negative schizotypy group displayed reduced visuoconstructive performance, as measured by performance on both the copy and delay trials of the CFT. We did not find a significant relationship between schizotypy and hemispatial inattention. These findings suggest that negative schizotypy may be associated with memory performance deficits, but do not support prior assertions of a relationship between hemispatial inattention and positive schizotypy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Spatial, object, and affective working memory in social anhedonia: an exploratory study.

The domain-specificity of working memory was examined in psychosis-prone individuals with elevated social anhedonia scores. A group of individuals with deviant scores on the revised Social Anhedonia Scale (n=43) were compared with a normal control group (n=39) on delayed match-to-sample tasks involving spatial, identity, and affective information. The social anhedonia group performed less well on the spatial and emotion delayed match-to-sample tasks relative to the normally hedonic group. The two groups did not differ in terms of their performance on the identity delayed match-to-sample task. Although the social anhedonia group reported less positive affect, greater negative affect, and more alexithymic tendencies relative to the control group, there were no significant associations between these personality traits and working memory performance. In summary, the findings suggest that poorer working memory performance is not domain-specific in socially anhedonic individuals. The authors conclude that the socially anhedonic group's relatively poor performance on the emotion delayed match-to-sample task reflects difficulty and/or inefficiency in handling cognitively taxing tasks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Normative emotion-modulated startle response in individuals at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.

The nature of the affective deficit that characterizes social anhedonia is not well understood. Emotionally evocative visual stimuli were presented to undergraduates identified as anhedonic or normal, based on their scores on the revised Social Anhedonia Scale. The affective stimuli were chosen to elicit positive and negative emotion; a subset of slides were specifically chosen to include social-interpersonal content. In the acoustic startle paradigm, participants were administered startle probes (50-ms 95 dB white noise bursts) while viewing images from the International Affective Picture System. Socially anhedonic individuals did not differ from normally hedonic individuals in terms of their physiological response to the stimuli, regardless of the nature of the content of the stimuli. However, on the self-report measures of trait affectivity, the socially anhedonic individuals reported significantly lower levels of positive affect and higher levels of negative affect. These findings suggest that the affective deficits reported by socially anhedonic individuals are not global in nature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Sensory gating and psychosis vulnerability in cocaine-dependent individuals: preliminary data.

BACKGROUND: Factors increasing vulnerability of a cocaine user to develop psychotic symptoms are unknown. Deficits in sensory gating and attention, such as those occurring in idiopathic psychosis, might represent experimentally tractable factors contributing to vulnerability to cocaine-induced paranoia. METHODS: Severity of cocaine-induced paranoid symptoms was assessed with the Cocaine Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) in 30 abstinent cocaine-dependent individuals. Sensory gating was assessed in a paired-click auditory evoked potential paradigm (S1 and S2) using the S2/S1 attenuation ratio of the P50 evoked response as the primary outcome measure. The Wender-Utah Rating Scale (WURS) for attention deficit was also administered. RESULTS: Subjects were divided into those with high CEQ scores (n = 10) and those with low CEQ scores (n = 20). The mean P50 ratios were significantly higher for the high CEQ subjects compared with the low CEQ group (F = 4.6, p <.04). The WURS did not correlate with the total CEQ but correlated with the CEQ Severity subscale, r =.432, p <.02. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that deficient P50 sensory gating and attention deficits may be associated with increased proneness to developing psychotic symptoms in the context of cocaine use. Further exploration of these factors seems warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Spatial working memory performance in patients with schizoaffective psychosis versus schizophrenia: a tale of two disorders?

We explored the relationship between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder by comparing the two patient groups in terms of their performance on measures of executive functioning (spatial working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). Patients with schizophrenia (N=34) and those with schizoaffective disorder (N=23) performed significantly poorer than community controls (N=30). However, the schizoaffective and schizophrenia groups did not differ from each other in terms of working memory accuracy or mean response latencies. Similarly, the two patient groups did not differ in terms of the number of categories achieved or number of perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Among the patients, working memory accuracy was associated with number of WCST perseverative errors and number of categories achieved, though working memory performance was not associated with number of WCST nonperseverative errors. These findings indicate that both schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder are associated with executive functioning deficits. The findings are discussed in the context of the ongoing debate regarding the conceptualization of schizoaffective disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Schizophrenia patients' perceptual biases in response to positively and negatively valenced emotion chimeras.

BACKGROUND: In a prior study, we observed that schizophrenia patients display atypical perceptual biases in response to emotional (happy/neutral) facial chimeras. METHODS: The present study was an attempt to replicate and extend those findings, using emotional stimuli with negative affective valence (angry/neutral chimeras) as well as positive valence, and including more than one type of non-affective facial comparison task. We compared schizophrenia patients (N = 37) and controls (N = 48) on free-vision tasks that typically yield left spatial field biases indicative of right hemisphere activation. There were six chimera tasks, including two emotion (happy, angry) chimeras, two non-emotion (gender, age) chimeras and two non-face (dots, gradients) chimeras. RESULTS: We observed a Group x Task interaction, with schizophrenia patients displaying significantly less of the expected left spatial perceptual bias in response to the happy/neutral chimeras and the angry/neutral chimeras relative to the controls. In contrast, the patients and controls did not differ in terms of their response to the Gender, Age, Dots, or Gradients tasks. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with the assertion that, compared with healthy controls individuals with schizophrenia perceive emotion differently.

Adult↗