Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Diane L Roscoe.
Two Canadian urban areas received travelers with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) before the World Health Organization issued its alert. By July 2003, Vancouver had identified 5 cases (4 imported); Toronto reported 247 cases (3 imported) and 43 deaths. Baseline preparedness for pandemic threats may account for the absence of sustained transmission and fewer cases of SARS in Vancouver.
BACKGROUND: Nosocomial pneumonia is the second most frequent nosocomial infection and the leading cause of death from hospital-acquired infection. Endogenously produced nitric oxide is an important component of the body's natural defense mechanism. Recent studies have demonstrated that exogenous gaseous nitric oxide (gNO) is bactericidal and that inhaled gNO is beneficial to bacterial clearance. OBJECTIVE: Determine the antimicrobial effect of exogenous gNO in vitro against organisms from culture collections and pathogens derived from tracheal aspirates of mechanically ventilated patients with pneumonia in an intensive care unit. METHODS: Using bacterial isolates in pure culture, a 0.5 McFarland standard (10(8) colony-forming-units [cfu] per mL) was prepared and further diluted to 1:1,000 with saline, to 10(5) cfu/mL. For each isolate tested, 3 mL was pipetted into each well of a 6-well plate, and placed in a specially designed incubator with compartments for both a treatment arm and a control arm. Both chambers received a continuous flow of heated, humidified gas. The treatment chamber had 200 ppm of gNO in the gas flow, which is higher than the clinically accepted concentration for gNO. Samples were drawn off at time intervals, plated onto Columbia agar base with 5% sheep blood, and placed in a traditional incubator at 35 degrees C for a minimum of 24 h. All tests were performed in duplicate. The colony-forming units were visually counted to determine percentage kill. RESULTS: There was total kill (100% of all colony-forming units) of each bacterial strain subjected to the test conditions at between 2 and 6 h of exposure to 200 ppm gNO. CONCLUSION: gNO is bactericidal against various strains of bacteria suspended in saline, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, and those that commonly cause nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Future work should focus on developing strategies that maximize the antimicrobial effect while minimizing the effect of these same interventions on host cells.
An outbreak of infections due to a rare subspecies of Cryptococcus neoformans (var. gattii) was recognized on Vancouver Island (VI), British Columbia, in 2002, which had affected 59, mostly immunocompetent, individuals since 1999. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine if the outbreak had spread to Vancouver and its surrounding communities and (2) review the epidemiological, clinical and pathological features of all cryptococcal infections in patients admitted to the Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre (VHHSC) over a 5 year period. VHHSC microbiology and pathology databases were searched for cryptococcal infections from 1 June 1997 to 31 December 2002. Hospital charts of all identified patients were reviewed. Available cryptococcal isolates and histopathological specimens were reviewed. Twenty-six cases of cryptococcosis were identified in both HIV-positive (n = 15) and HIV-negative (n = 11) patients. C. neoformans var. grubii was cultured from 13 patients, of whom 10 were HIV-positive. The outbreak strain, C. neoformans var. gattii, was detected in three patients; all had travelled to VI. C. neoformans var. neoformans was cultured from two patients, Cryptococcus laurentii was cultured from one, and seven patients had cryptococcosis based on histopathology alone, without cultures. The majority (10/15) of the HIV-positive patients developed systemic disease whilst HIV-negative patients (8/11) presented with pulmonary cryptococcosis. Lung biopsies revealed necrotizing and/or fibrosing granulomas, with cryptococcal cells in 5 of 10 specimens. Brain biopsies showed cryptococcal organisms within leptomeninges and deeper structures with minimal associated inflammation. This retrospective study demonstrated a sharp increase in the total number of C. neoformans infections in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients at the VHHSC in 2002. There was no evidence of spread of the outbreak strain to the Greater Vancouver area. This is the first correlation of clinical and investigational findings of cryptococcosis in a region in North America where C. neoformans varieties gattii and grubii are endemic.