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Biomedical subjects

Donald Simpson

Publications and source records attributed to Donald Simpson.

4 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Phrenology and the neurosciences: contributions of F. J. Gall and J. G. Spurzheim.

The pseudoscience of phrenology arose from the observations and intuitions of Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) and his disciple Johann Gaspar Spurzheim (1776-1832). Gall believed that mental functions are localized in discrete parts of the brain, which he called organs. He located the organs subserving intellectual functions chiefly in the cerebral cortex. To support this doctrine, Gall and Spurzheim carried out extensive neuro-anatomical studies, and made some important discoveries. The Gordon Craig Library contains a book by Spurzheim on the anatomy of the brain, published in London in 1826, which summarizes these discoveries. Gall also believed that the functional strength of the cerebral and cerebellar organs was expressed by their bulk: a well-developed organ caused a bulge in the overlying cranial bone. Hence, feeling the bumps of the skull was a means of assessing the individual's personality. This very fallacious component of Gall's doctrine had great influence in the nineteenth century, affecting psychiatry, criminology and educational theory. Further research demolished Gall's doctrine, and phrenology sank into disrepute. Nevertheless, phrenological thinking played an important part in the growth of clinical neurology in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Austria↗
PubMed2003

Pierre Dionis and the Franco-British dialogue in surgery.

Pierre Dionis (1643?-1718), though not himself a very innovative surgeon, has been acclaimed as the author of a surgical textbook that opened a new era in which French surgical teaching dominated Europe. This dominance is reflected in the Gordon Craig Library, which contains four copies of the book by Dionis in English translation, as well as a number of other books by influential French 18th century surgical writers, notably Henri François Le Dran and François Quesnay. It is significant that many of these writers benefited from government patronage in various forms. Dionis himself began his career as demonstrator in anatomy and surgery at the Jardin du Roi, in his time the premier teaching institution in those sciences. He later became a court surgeon. During the course of the 18th century, French surgery gained ascendancy over French academic medicine and also on the inter-national stage. English surgery, likewise, made great progress. There was a very productive dialogue between medical scientists and teachers in both countries, assisted by textbooks in translation. The French Revolution demolished the medical and surgical institutions established under the old regime, but French surgery emerged from the rubble to play a great part in the birth of modern clinical medicine

Education, Medical↗