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Biomedical subjects

E Aine

Publications and source records attributed to E Aine.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

The expression of tenascin and fibronectin in keratoconus, scarred and normal human cornea.

BACKGROUND: The etiology and pathogenesis of keratoconus remain unclear, and therefore we decided to study the distribution of different isoforms of tenascin (Tn) and fibronectin (Fn) in normal human corneas and in those obtained from penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus and corneal scarring. METHODS: Frozen sections of human cornea and conjunctiva were stained by immunohistochemical methods with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against different isoforms of Tn and Fn. RESULTS: In the normal human eye, Tn was found in the limbal and conjunctival basement membrane region, in the conjunctival blood vessels and at the junction of the cornea and sclera, but no immunoreaction was seen in the normal cornea. In the corneas from the keratoconus patients, a clear immunoreaction for Tn was seen in the defects of Bowman's membrane as well as in the distorted stroma beneath the defects. In some of the keratoconus corneas, basement membrane adjacent to the defects also showed reactivity for Tn, and in clinically and histologically scarred keratoconus corneas the scars expressed Tn. In the scarred corneas, only blood vessels in the posterior portion of the cornea showed immunoreactivity for Tn, while no Tn was noted in the scar area or in Bowman's membrane. No major differences were noticed in the reactivity of different MAbs against Tn isoforms. Fn, extradomain A Fn (EDA-Fn) and oncofetal Fn (onc-Fn) were found in the basement membrane of the central cornea of the normal eye. In keratoconus corneas, the defects and clinical and histological scars bound MAbs against Fn, EDA-Fn and onc-Fn, but in the scarred corneas no enhancement in the expression of Fns was noted. Extradomain B cellular Fn (EDB-Fn) was not expressed in any of the eyes studied. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the anterior portion of the cornea is involved in the pathogenesis of keratoconus. Furthermore, it seems that the expression of Tn and Fns in the clinically scarred keratoconus corneas is due to a process in which both repairing and scar-forming mechanisms operate at the same time. However, the origin of the defects in Bowman's membrane seen in keratoconus still remains unclear. They may be minor scars due to the disease or primary defects in the process leading to keratoconus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The immunohistochemical composition of corneal basement membrane in keratoconus.

PURPOSE: Keratoconus is a gradually progressing disease of unknown cause, characterized by central thinning, increased curvature, and finally scarring of the cornea. This causes myopia and astigmatism and the ultimate treatment is keratoplasty. We studied the composition of basement membranes (BMs) in normal, scarred and keratoconus corneas to find out possible changes specific for keratoconus. METHODS: Frozen sections of normal, scarred and keratoconus corneas were immunostained with various antibodies against basement membrane (BM) proteins and integrin beta 4. RESULTS: In the keratoconus corneas, we found discontinuities or defects in Bowman's layer, sometimes distorted stroma beneath the defects, and also thinning of the stroma. The results show that within the defects in keratoconus corneas, there is an expression of proteins that are not normally present in the corneal BM, i.e. collagen alpha 1/2 (IV) chains, and on the contrary, absence of the expression of some proteins, i.e. collagen alpha 5-6 (IV) chains that normally are continuously expressed in the corneal epithelial BM. In addition, either increased or decreased expression of laminin-1 (alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 1), laminin-5 (alpha 3 beta 3 gamma 2) and collagen type VII, depending on the keratoconus defect, was seen and the expression of integrin beta 4 was decreased. These findings seem to be specific for keratoconus, as they were not found in scarred corneas. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the defects in BM and changes in the BM composition are involved in the pathogenesis of keratoconus. Furthermore, it seems that scarring alone does not explain the breaks in Bowman's layer and immunohistochemical changes seen in keratoconus. Therefore, we suggest that a process similar to wound healing, which is initiated by breaks in Bowman's layer, would largely contribute to the differences seen in keratoconus corneas.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Galactitol is not a cause of senile cataract.

It has been postulated that the accumulation of sugar alcohol, galactitol, from milk induces cataract in the eye lens through an osmotic mechanism. In this study the concentrations of galactitol and other sugar alcohols (sorbitol, mannitol and inositol) were measured by sensitive gas chromatography in the lenses of 15 patients operated on for senile idiopathic cataracts and in 14 clear lenses removed at autopsy. Large amounts of inositol (mean +/- SD, 4.1 +/- 3.1 vs 4.7 +/- 3.0 mumol/g lens wet weight) and small amounts of mannitol and sorbitol were detected in both study groups. Galactitol levels remained clearly below the detection limit (2 nmol/g) in all lenses. It seems unlikely that senile cataract is a result of the accumulation of galactitol in the eye lens.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B map to the same region of chromosome 10 as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) occurs as a component of three well-described autosomal dominant familial cancer syndromes. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) is characterized by MTC, pheochromocytomas, and parathyroid hyperplasia. Patients with the rarer multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B) syndrome develop MTC and pheochromocytomas, as well as mucosal neuromas, ganglioneuromatosis of the gastrointestinal tract, and a characteristic "marfanoid" habitus. Finally, MTC is transmitted in an autosomal dominant pattern in some families without associated pheochromocytomas or parathyroid hyperplasia (familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, MTC1(2). Sixty-one members of two well-characterized kindreds segregating MTC1 and 34 [corrected] members of six families segregating MEN2B were genotyped using a panel of RFLP probes from the pericentromeric region of chromosome 10 near a locus for MEN 2A. Statistically significant linkage was observed between the chromosome 10 centromere-specific marker D10Z1 and MTC1 (maximum pairwise lod score 5.88 with 0% recombination) and D10Z1 and MEN2B (maximum pairwise lod score 3.58 with 0% recombination). A maximum multipoint lod score of 4.08 was obtained for MEN2B at the position of D10Z1. In addition, 92 members of a previously unreported large MEN2A kindred were genotyped, and linkage to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 10 is reported (maximum pairwise lod score of 11.33 with 0% recombination between MEN2A and RBP3). These results demonstrate that both a locus for familial MTC and a locus for MEN 2B map to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 10, in the same region as a locus for MEN 2A. The finding that each of these three clinically distinct familial cancer syndromes maps to the same chromosomal region suggests that all are allelic mutations at the same locus or represent a cluster of genes involved in the regulation of neuroendocrine tissue development.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1987

Visible corneal nerve fibers and neuromas of the conjunctiva--a syndrome of type-3 multiple endocrine adenomatosis in two generations.

A case report of multiple mucosal neuroma syndrome (multiple endocrine adenomatosis type 3) is presented in a mother and her two children. In all of them the eye involvement consisted of highly visible corneal nerves, neuromas of the conjunctiva, and thickened eye lids. The mother had mucosal neuromas of the tongue, and in the 4-year-old girl these were seen to appear during the follow-up period. The mother and children had medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Marfanoid physiognomy was also one characteristic clinical feature.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[O'Connor's surgical method in abducens nerve paralysis].

Eighteen patients who underwent surgery for nervus abducens paresis (NAP), were kept under observation for up to 23 years after the operation. Three patients had paresis of both nerves. The operation, employing O'Connor's method (11 patients) included the grafting of split inferior and superior rectus muscles on to the insertion of the resected lateral rectus muscle. Six patients underwent resection and retroposition of the lateral and medial rectus muscles respectively. O'Connor's method produced functionally and cosmetically better results than surgery on horizontal muscles in congenital NAP (13 patients). In NAP due to organic damage (e.g., trauma) (5 patients) the results obtained with the two methods were similar.

Abducens Nerve↗
PubMed1984

Eye injuries in agriculture.

To study eye injuries in agriculture we reviewed the case records of 662 patients with eye injuries treated at the Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Tampere between the years 1972 and 1979. Of the whole material 96 (14.5%) were agricultural workers, 74 (77%) male and 22 (23%) female, with the mean age of 43 years. The mean annual incidence of eye injuries in agriculture was 3.46 per 10.000 people which was higher than in industry (1.9 per 10.000 people) but lower than in construction (5.28 per 10.000 people). The use of AIV solution was the most frequent cause of eye injury in farming (6/10) and was the most common cause of all chemical eye burns in agriculture (6/7). Cow butting with horn caused all eye injuries in dairying ; 50% of these were perforating eye injuries. In lumbering , forest work or a flying piece of wood at chopping caused eye injuries in 29 cases including 19 cases with blunt ocular trauma and 8 cases with perforating eye injuries. Hammering was the most frequent cause of injury in repair work (7/16). Unilateral blindness was seen in 17 cases (17.7%). It was caused mostly by cow butting with horn (6 cases) or lumbering (5 cases). The importance of employment of protective eye screen or glasses also in agriculture is pointed out.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1984

Management of chemical eye injuries with prolonged irrigation.

To study the effect of prolonged irrigation in the treatment of chemical eye injuries we reviewed the case records of 172 patients. Most of the patients were men in working age. The injury was caused by acid in 57 patients (33%). Of the acid burns, 28 were due to AIV solution commonly used in agriculture in Finland, and 27 were due to inorganic acids. Alkaline burns occurred in 64 (37%) patients including 33 cases with natrium hydroxide and 20 cases with mortar and cement burns. Other chemicals including organic solvents and surfactants caused the eye burn in 51 (30%) cases. Fifty three patients mostly with alkaline and acid burns were treated with prolonged irrigation with one liter of physiological saline using intravenous delivery system during 1-2 hours. The extent of damage was smaller, the visual outcome better, and the duration of treatment at the hospital and absence from work were shorter in patients treated with prolonged irrigation than without such treatment.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1984

Minimum visual requirements in different occupations in Finland.

In Finland the employers can individually fix the minimum visual requirements for their personnel in almost every occupation. In transportation, in police and national defence proper eyesight is regarded so important that strict visual requirements for these have been fixed by the Government. The regulations are often more close when accepting the person to the occupation than later on when working. The minimum requirements are mostly stated for visual acuity, colour perception and visual fields. In some occupations the regulations concern also the refractive error of the eyes and possible eye diseases. In aviation the regulations have been stated by the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ). The minimum visual requirements for a driving license in highway traffic are classed according to the types of motor vehicles. In railways , maritime commerce and national defence the task of the worker determines the specified regulations. The policeman must have a distant visual acuity of 0.5 without eyeglasses in both eyes and nearly normal colour perception when starting the training course.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Lysozyme concentration in tears--assessment of reference values in normal subjects.

The lysozyme content of tears in 126 healthy persons (249 samples) was studied by an initial rate immunoturbidimetric method. The lysozyme values kept a logarithmic distribution with logarithmic mean 1568 mg/l and median 1530 mg/l. The arithmetic mean with standard deviation was 1678 +/- 633 mg/l. Lower lysozyme concentrations were observed in elderly people and children than in adults, but the concentration distributions in different age groups overlapped considerably. Statistically, the difference between the age groups less than or equal to 60 years and over 60 years was almost significant (P = 0.012). No significant differences occurred between the sexes. Values within +/- 2 SD from the logarithmic mean were included in the reference material. For 10-60-year-old persons, the reference range is 750-3300 mg/l and over 60 years old 650-2900 mg/l.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Refractive errors in a Finnish rural population.

Refractive errors in 611 persons living in a rural area were examined. Males numbered 281 and females 330. The age range was from 6 to 85 years. In 73 (11.9%) persons the refraction was myopic (SER less than or equal to 0.5 D) and in 173 (28.3%) hyperopic (SER greater than or equal to + 2 D). Myopia was most frequently detected in persons aged 21-30 years (22.6%), and the proportion of myopia decreased towards both extremes of age. In all age groups females were more myopic than males. In persons aged 21-60 years the most educated proved to have more myopia and less hyperopia than those with less education. In 158 (25.9%) of the eyes, astigmatism was detectable. The degree of astigmatism changed little with advancing age and was independent of sex. In myopic eyes the range of astigmatic error was wider than in hyperopic eyes. The axis of + cylinders was in hyperopic eyes mostly horizontal and in myopic eyes vertical. Anisometropia of 1.25-2.0 D was detected in 24 (4.0%) persons and in 19 (3.1%) persons it was over 2 D.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Lysozyme content of tears in normal subjects and in patients with external eye infections.

We studied the lysozyme content of tears in 267 subjects (521 eyes), including 241 healthy subjects, 7 patients (14 eyes) with bilateral blepharitis, 8 patients (12 eyes) with conjunctivitis, and 11 patients (16 eyes) with keratitis. The concentration of lysozyme in the tears rises with age between childhood and maturity. The highest values were seen in the age group of 21-40 years, and a decrease of lysozyme concentration occurred with an increase in age from 30-40 years. The mean lysozyme content of tears was 1,768 micrograms/ml in healthy subjects; no significant differences occurred between the sexes. Patients with blepharitis, conjunctivitis, and keratitis had normal mean lysozyme content of tears. The tears of patients with herpes simplex keratitis had low lysozyme values.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Determination of protein content in aqueous humour by high-performance gel filtration chromatography.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to study the protein content of aqueous humour in 17 cataract patients. High-performance gel filtration chromatograms (HPGFC) of the aqueous humour showed 7-12 peaks with low concentrations (mean 0.085 micrograms/microliter) of high molecular weight proteins (peak 1, MW 250 000 or more) and low levels (0.01 micrograms/microliter or less) of IgA (peak 2) and of IgG (peak 3). The fourth peak (MW about 65 000) containing albumin and obviously also trasferrin was the major peak (mean 0.596 micrograms/microliter) at HPGFC of a normal aqueous humour. Lysozyme (peak 6, MW 35 000) occurred in small amounts in the aqueous humour (mean 0.064 micrograms/microliter). The last 6 peaks matched for peptides and amino acids (MW 10 000 or less). It is concluded that HPLC may be a useful preparative method in characterization, separation, and partial purification of immunoglobulins, immune complexes, and other proteins of aqueous humour.

Aged↗