Introduction: nutritional and functional roles of eggs in the diet.
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Cholesterol, Dietary↗
Biomedical subjects
E Applegate
Publications and source records attributed to E Applegate.
Effective nutritional ergogenic aids.
Athletes use a variety of nutritional ergogenic aids to enhance performance. Most nutritional aids can be categorized as a potential energy source, an anabolic enhancer, a cellular component, or a recovery aid. Studies have consistently shown that carbohydrates consumed immediately before or after exercise enhance performance by increasing glycogen stores and delaying fatigue. Protein and amino acid supplementation may serve an anabolic role by optimizing body composition crucial in strength-related sports. Dietary antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E and carotenes, may prevent oxidative stress that occurs with intense exercise. Performance during high-intensity exercise, such as sprinting, may be improved with short-term creatine loading, and high effort exercise lasting 1-7 min may be improved through bicarbonate loading immediately prior to activity. Caffeine dosing before exercise delays fatigue and may enhance performance of high-intensity exercise.
Amino Acids↗
Nutritional concerns of the ultraendurance triathlete.
Proper nutrition during ultraendurance races is critical for the maintenance of energy balance and a state of euhydration. Nutritional concerns can be divided into two major areas: nutrition during training and nutrition in preparation and during competition. Energy intakes of ultraendurance triathletes during training may vary widely, depending upon duration, intensity, and type of exercise training. Inadequate caloric intake can lead to chronic fatigue, weight loss, and impaired physical performance. Additionally, carbohydrate content of the diet can greatly influence feelings of fatigue. It is not known whether inadequate carbohydrate following exercise limits subsequent training efforts on the same day for triathletes. Inadequate micronutrient intake of vitamins and minerals can also impair physical performance. Nutrition during the 4 h before competition can significantly affect performance, as can carbohydrate feedings during an ultraendurance race. Further research is needed to determine appropriate feeding schedules during ultraendurance events.
Bicycling↗
Triathlete characterization and response to prolonged strenuous competition.
The purpose of this study was to characterize triathletes and to assess their responses to prolonged, strenuous competition. Nine triathletes (6 males, 3 females) participated. Mean V0(2)max and percentage of body fat were 72.0 ml X kg-1 X min-1 and 7.1%, respectively, in the four males who finished in the top 15. This compared to values of 58.4 ml X kg-1 X min-1/10.2% and 58.7 ml X kg-1 X min-1/12.6% in the other males and females, respectively. In the 5 wk preceding competition (Hawaii "Ironman Triathlon World Championship") the average daily training of the four top 15 male competitors consisted of swimming 2720 m, running 13.6 km, and biking 84.0 km. This was approximately 1.5 times greater than that of the other athletes. The average training diet was 59% carbohydrate, 21% fat, and 20% protein. Immediately following competition, SGOT, SGPT, and serum LDH were increased 700, 262, and 222% (P less than 0.004), respectively, and still remained marginally elevated 5-6 d later (P less than 0.02). Immediately following competition, serum triglycerides remained unchanged, while serum glucose, glycerol, and nonesterified fatty acids increased 52, 248, and 191% (P less than 0.005), respectively. By 5-6 d post-competition glucose had returned to normal, while triglycerides were elevated 94% (P less than 0.005) and nonsterified fatty acids were decreased 58% (P less than 0.01).
Alanine Transaminase↗