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Biomedical subjects

E B Gross

Publications and source records attributed to E B Gross.

5 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Personal values of male and female doctors: gender aspects.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the personal values of physicians. It was part of the Physician 93 Study, the purpose of which was to shed light on the life situation, career and future plans of young doctors and their views on medical education. The survey population included all the medical doctors registered during the years 1982-1991 in Finland (N = 4671). In the spring of 1993 a postal questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 2341 doctors. After two reminder letters, 1818 questionnaires (78%) were returned. 59% of the respondents were women. Subjects were asked to rate on a 4-point scale each of a set of 17 potentially important values listed in the questionnaire, five of which were seen by the majority of physicians as very important. These values were: family life, health, close friends, success in work or in studies and children's success. The potentially important values were conceptualized as indicative of eight important dimensions of the values of physicians: close friends, health. self actualization, success, universal values, well-being, family and ideology. Women doctors rated close friends, health, success, universalism and ideology as more important than men doctors.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Gender differences in physician stress: why the discrepant findings?

Studies investigating sources of occupational stress as perceived by male and female physicians in the United States, Canada, and Britain are reviewed. Since men and women experience different conditions of work, such as career and opportunity structures, power, and benefits, gender differences in physician stress would be expected. However, studies in all three countries reveal ambiguous findings, some discovering gender-specific sources of stress among physicians and some not. An explanation for these contrasting results is found in the methodology, especially in how sources of stress were measured. Gender differences surfaced only where open-ended questions were asked, whereas none were found when stress inventories were used. Because much occupational stress research, including that on physicians, is based upon male or predominantly male populations, results do not necessarily apply to women. To solve pragmatic problems of stress on the job, measures of work stress unique to women need to be developed and systematically explored.

Data Collection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neurotoxicological evaluation of ethyl tertiary-butyl ether following subchronic (90-day) inhalation in the Fischer 344 rat.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether repeated 6-h exposure (65 exposures over a 14- week period) of male and female Fischer-344 rats (n = 12 rats/sex/concentration) to ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE) atmospheres at 500, 1750, or 5000 ppm would result in neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity was assessed by a blinded functional observational battery (FOB), motor activity, and terminal neuropathology. Motor activity was assessed 4 days prior to ETBE exposure and following 20, 42, and 65 days of exposure. The FOB was assessed 4 days prior to ETBE exposure and following 1, 6, 10, 20, 42, and 65 days of exposure. Transient ataxia, a sign of narcosis, was noted in male rats immediately following the 6-h exposure to 5000 ppm ETBE. Statistically significant treatment effects on motor activity were not observed. Minor changes in grip strength and hindlimb splay were observed; however, none demonstrated a dose-response relationship or a consistent pattern of neurological dysfunction. No gross or microscopic abnormalities were observed in the central, peripheral, or autonomic nervous systems of rats exposed to 5000 ppm ETBE. No statistically significant differences in brain weight or size were observed in ETBE-exposed rats. A statistically significant increase in body weight was observed in female rats exposed to 5000 ppm following 42 and 65 exposure days. Although ataxia was a common feature of acute ETBE neurotoxicity in rats following high-level exposure, adverse neurological effects are not expected in the general public at the anticipated exposure levels associated with automotive refueling.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender differences in physician stress.

Differences in perceived stressors in medical practice were identified in this study of 72 male and female physicians. Although both men and women physicians felt pressured by the amount of time demanded by their profession, women had the additional pressure of family obligations. Male physicians were most distressed by relationships with patients, the inability to cure, and the threat of malpractice. Female physicians, on the other hand, were more likely to be concerned about the responsibility inherent in the doctor's role. Although physicians have many similar attitudes and behaviors because of their professional socialization, their reactions to the pressures of medical practice are also influenced by sex-role socialization. Norms and traits appropriate to each gender affect the way in which male and female physicians experience objective conditions in the work environment.

Adult↗