PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

E B Shotts

Publications and source records attributed to E B Shotts.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Viricidal effects of Lactobacillus and yeast fermentation.

The survival of selected viruses in Lactobacillus- and yeast-fermented edible waste material was studied to determine the feasibility of using this material as a livestock feed ingredient. Five viruses, including Newcastle disease virus, infectious canine hepatitis virus, a porcine picornavirus, frog virus 3, and bovine virus diarrhea, were inoculated into a mixture of ground food waste (collected from a school lunch program) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus. Mixtures were incubated at 20, 30, and 40 degrees C for 216 h. In a second trial, four viruses, including Newcastle disease virus, infectious canine hepatitis virus, frog virus 3, and a porcine picornavirus, were inoculated into similar edible waste material containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mixtures were incubated at 20 and 30 degrees C for 216 h. Samples were obtained daily for quantitative (trial 1) and qualitative (trial 2) virus isolation. Temperature, pH, and redox potential were monitored. Controlled pH and temperature studies were also done and compared with the inactivation rates in the fermentation processes. In trial 1 (Lactobacillus fermentation), infectious canine hepatitis virus survived the entire test period in the fermentation process but was inactivated below pH 4.5 in the controlled studies. Newcastle disease virus was inactivated by day 8 in the fermentation process and appeared to be primarily heat sensitive and secondarily pH sensitive in the controlled studies. The porcine picornavirus survived the fermentation process for 8 days at 20 degrees C but was inactivated more rapidly at 30 and 40 degrees C. The controlled studies verified these findings. Frog virus 3 was inactivated by day 3 in the fermentation process and appeared to be sensitive to low pH in the controlled studies. Bovine virus diarrhea was rapidly inactivated in the fermentation process (less than 2 h) and was pH and temperature sensitive. In trial 2 (yeast fermentation), infectious hepatitis virus survived the entire test period in the fermentation process. Newcastle disease virus was inactivated by day 7 at 20 degrees C and day 6 at 30 degrees C. The porcine picornavirus was inactivated by day 7 at 30 degrees C but survived the entire test period at 20 degrees C. Frog virus 3 was inactivated by day 3 at 20 degrees C and day 2 at 30 degrees C.

Fermentation↗
PubMed1983

In vitro action of combinations of antimicrobial agents and EDTA-tromethamine on Escherichia coli.

Combinations of EDTA-tromethamine and 7 antimicrobial agents [chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, oxytetracycline, penicillin, polymyxin B, streptomycin, and triple sulfa (sulfamethazine, sulfapyridine, and sulfathiazole]) were tested for synergistic activities against Escherichia coli. Three in vitro tests were used including minimal inhibitory concentrations of the drugs, a 2-dimensional microtiter checkerboard technique, and bacterial inhibition studies. A strong synergistic inhibitory action was observed with combinations of EDTA-tromethamine plus penicillin and EDTA-tromethamine plus oxytetracycline. Combinations of EDTA-tromethamine plus chloramphenicol also had a synergistic action, but to a lesser extent than that with penicillin and oxytetracycline. When streptomycin or nalidixic acid was mixed with EDTA-tromethamine, a slight synergistic action was noticed. There was no synergistic effect recorded with combinations of EDTA-tromethamine and triple sulfa. Combinations of EDTA-tromethamine and polymyxin B had an antagonistic effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

In vitro action of combinations of antimicrobial agents and EDTA-tromethamine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Combinations of EDTA-tromethamine and 7 antimicrobial agents (chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, oxytetracycline, penicillin, polymyxin-B, streptomycin, and triple sulfa) were tested for synergistic activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Three in vitro tests were used, including minimal inhibitory concentrations of the drugs, a 2-dimensional Microtiter checkerboard technique, and bacterial inhibition studies. A synergistic inhibitory action was observed with combinations of EDTA-tromethamine plus penicillin and EDTA-tromethamine plus oxytetracycline. When chloramphenicol, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, polymyxin-B, or triple sulfa was mixed with EDTA-tromethamine, synergistic action did not occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

In vitro effect of combinations of antimicrobial agents and EDTA-tromethamine on certain gram-positive bacteria.

Combinations of EDTA-tromethamine and 7 antimicrobial agents (chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, oxytetracycline, penicillin, polymyxin-B, streptomycin, and a triple sulfonamide preparation) were tested for synergistic activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium renal, Listeria monocytogenes, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and a beta-hemolytic streptococci. Two in vitro tests were used--minimal inhibitory concentrations of the drugs and a 2-dimensional Microtiter checkerboard technique. A slight synergistic action was seen when L monocytogenes was exposed to combinations of penicillin-EDTA or streptomycin-EDTA.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Brucellosis in wild swine: a serologic and bacteriologic survey in the southeastern United States and Hawaii.

Sera from wild swine from 20 populations in 11 southeastern states and Hawaii were tested for brucellosis by the card, tube, plate, buffered plate antigen, complement-fixation, and rivanol tests. Twenty-one of 352 (6.0%) swine were considered seropositive, and these animals originated from 7 populations in 5 states: Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and South Carolina. Cultural examinations for Brucella suis also were made from subsamples of the swine tested serologically. Brucella suis biotype 1 was isolated from lymph nodes or seminal vesicles from wild swine in 2 areas in Florida and 1 in Louisiana.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Enzymatic characterization of Aeromonas hydrophila complex by the API ZYM system.

Enzymatic characterization of 48 Aeromonas hydrophila complex isolates from various sources was determined with the API ZYM system (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.). All isolates lacked valine and cystine aminopeptidases, chymotrypsin, alpha-mannosidase, alpha-fucosidase, alpha-galactosidase, and beta-glucuronidase but possessed caprylate esterase-lipase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, phosphoamidase, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosidase. Variability was found in the presence of alkaline phosphatase, butyrate esterase, myristate lipase, trypsin, beta-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, and beta-glucosidase. No significant differences were evident among the enzymatic profiles of isolates from various sources.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1982

Antibacterial action of combinations of oxytetracycline, dimethyl sulfoxide, and EDTA-tromethamine on Proteus, Salmonella, and Aeromonas.

Antibacterial effects against Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Aeromonas hydrophila were obtained with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine. Antibacterial effects were not observed with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide plus oxytetracycline or with dimethyl sulfoxide plus EDTA-tromethamine. Using a 2-dimensional Microtiter checkerboard technique, inhibitory activities of the various combinations of solutions were studied, and isobolograms were plotted. A synergistic effect was seen with combinations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine. The greatest synergistic effect was observed when the mixture was caused to react with P mirabilis. These findings were confirmed by kinetic studies of microbial death, using one-fourth minimal inhibitory concentrations of these preparations.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1982

Transfer of drug resistance and enterotoxin production in porcine Escherichia coli strains and relationship between K88 antigen and raffinose (melitose) fermentation.

To obtain an indication of the frequency of drug resistance together with enterotoxin production in a select group of porcine E coli strains, those enterotoxigenic strains that were resistant to specific antimicrobial agents were mated as donors with nonenterotoxigenic E coli strains that were sensitive to these drugs as recipients. Seven of the 17 strains tested transferred drug resistance by direct mating. These 7 strains also transferred drug resistance following mobilization. The frequency of recipient conversion was increased following mobilization, as compared with the frequency of conversion resulting from direct mating. In 2 of these strains, enterotoxin production was transferred together with drug resistance. Eight strains transferred drug resistance only after mobilization, and in 2 of these, enterotoxin production was transferred simultaneously with resistance to the antimicrobial agents. In 2 of the 17 strains tested, neither transfer of drug resistance nor transfer of enterotoxin production could be achieved by direct mating or after mobilization. Thirty-nine porcine E coli strains were tested for K88 antigen production and raffinose (melitose) fermentation with a view toward determining whether raffinose fermentation could be used as a diagnostic tool for the detection of the K88 antigen. In 11 of the K88-positive strains tested, only 7 fermented raffinose. In the remaining 28 K88-negative strains, 17 fermented raffinose. Consequently no meaningful correlation existed between these 2 properties of porcine enterotoxigenic E coli strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Enterotoxin production and resistance to antimicrobial agents in porcine and bovine Escherichia coli strains.

A select group of porcine and bovine Escherichia coli strains capable of causing diarrheal disease in neonatal pigs and calves, respectively, were tested for enterotoxin production and resistance to 23 different antimicrobial agents. Thirty-four of the 39 porcine strains tested were enterotoxigenic; that is, they synthesized heat-stable (ST), together with heat-labile (LT), enterotoxin; ST toxin alone, or LT toxin alone. Fourteen of the 15 bovine strains tested produced ST toxin only, whereas 1 strain elaborated LT toxin only. All of the strains were multiple drug resistant. Among the porcine strains, 2 were resistant to 6 of the antimicrobial agents, and 1 was resistant to 18 of the drugs. All of these strains were resistant to cloxacillin, lincomycin, and penicillin G. None of them was resistant to chloramphenicol, colistin, gentamicin, polymyxin B, or nalidixic acid. One of the bovine strains was resistant to 7 of the drugs, and 1 strain was resistant to 17 of these antimicrobial agents. All of the bovine strains exhibited resistance to cloxacillin, lincomycin, novobiocin, pencillin G, sulfathiazole, sulfamethizole, and triple sulfa (sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine). None of these strains showed resistance to gentamicin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurazone, or nitrofurantoin.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Salmonella in the mesenteric lymph nodes of healthy sows and hogs.

Mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from healthy sow and slaughter hogs that had been kept in holding pens for an average of 10 and 2 days, respectively, before slaughter at an abattoir. Salmonella was isolated from 58.2% (67/115) of the sows and 31.3% (16/51) of the slaughter hogs. This difference in Salmonella prevalence was significant (chi 2 = 10.22, P less than 0.005); therefore, the hypothesis that there would be no significant difference in the infection rates of sows and slaughter hogs was rejected.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1981

Survival of viruses in fermented edible waste material.

The survival of selected viruses in fermented edible waste material was studied to determine the feasibility of using this material as a livestock feed ingredient. Seven viruses, including pseudorabies, Newcastle disease, infectious canine hepatitis, avian infectious bronchitis, measles, vesicular stomatitis, and a porcine picornavirus were inoculated into a mixture of ground food waste (collected from a school lung program) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus. Mixtures were incubated at 5 C, 10 C, 20 C, and 30 C for 96 hours. Temperature, pH, and redox potential were monitored. Samples for virus isolation were obtained daily. Newcastle disease virus and infectious canine hepatitis virus survived the entire test period. The porcine picornavirus was inactivated at 30 C after 74 hours, but survived for the entire test period at the other temperatures. Pseudorabies virus was inactivated at 20 C and 30 C within 24 hours, but survived for 48 hours at 10 C and 96 hours at 5 C. Avian infectious bronchitis virus was inactivated at 20 C and 30 C within 24 hours, but survived 72 hours at 5 C and 10 C. Measles and vesicular stomatitis viruses were rapidly inactivated at all 4 temperatures.

Adenoviruses, Canine↗
PubMed1981

Introduction and reisolation of selected gram-positive bacteria from fermented edible wastes.

A fermentation process using Lactobacillus acidophilus added to edible food wastes was evaluated for its bactericidal action on selected gram-positive organisms. The Lactobacillus fermentation converts food wastes into an animal feed ingredient. In this study, 5 gram-positive bacteria of zoonotic importance were individually tested. These organisms were: Group E Streptococcus, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Clostridium perfringens, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and Listeria monocytogenes. For each experiment, Lactobacillus was first mixed into ground waste; one of the test organisms was then inoculated and mixed. This mixture was divided among eight 5.5-L containers and incubated (duplicates) at 5 C, 10 C, 20 C, and 30 C for 96 hours. Internal waste temperature, reduction-oxidation, and pH were monitored. Waste samples were taken initially and at subsequent 24-hour periods. Qualitative and quantitative recoveries of the test bacteria were attempted for each sample. Group E Streptococcus was reisolated in increasing numbers at all temperatures throughout the fermentation period. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was recovered throughout the 96-hour period at 5 C; at 10 C it was recovered at 24 hours but not at 48 hours. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was killed by 24 hours at 20 C and 30 C fermentation temperatures. Clostridium perfringens survived the entire test period at 5 C, 10 C, and 20 C; it was killed by 72 hours at 30 C. Neither Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis nor Listeria monocytogenes was reisolated at any temperature at any time.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1981

Introduction and reisolation of selected gram-negative bacteria from fermented edible wastes.

A Lactobacillus fermentation process, using edible food wastes, was tested for its ability to eliminate selected bacterial pathogens. This fermentation process converts food wastes into a feed ingredient for animal consumption. Six gram-negative bacterial pathogens of potential zoonotic importance were tested. These experimental organisms were: Salmonella enteritidis serovar typhimurium, S enteritidis serovar anatum, S cholerae-suis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Y pseudotuberculosis, and Pasteurella multocida. Each organism was introduced into ground waste that had been previously inoculated with L acidophilus, and was mixed. This mixture was divided among 8 containers, and was incubated in duplicate at 5 C, 10 C, 20 C, and 30 C for 96 hours. The temperature of the reactant containers, reduction-oxidation potential, and pH were monitored. Waste samples were obtained initially and subsequently at 24-hour periods for 96 hours. Qualitative and quantitative recovery attempts from each sample were made for the introduced gram-negative bacteria. Pasteurella multocida and the S enteritidis serovars typhimurium and anatum survived the fermentation at 5 C and 10 C, but were killed after 48 hours at 20 C and 30 C. Salmonella cholerae-suis survived at 5 C, but was destroyed by 72 hours at the remaining temperatures. Yersinia enterocolitica was viable through 70 hours, but was killed by 96 hours. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was not reisolated at any temperature.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1981

Inhibitory effects of combinations of oxytetracycline, dimethyl sulfoxide, and EDTA-tromethamine on Escherichia coli.

Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli was obtained with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of oxytetracycline (OTC) and EDTA-tromethamine. Inhibitory effects were not observed using combinations of dimethyl sulfoxide and OTC or dimethyl sulfoxide and EDTA-tromethamine. Neither EDTA-tromethamine nor OTC used alone was capable of the same degree of inhibition. Using a 2-dimensional Microtiter checkerboard technique, the inhibitory activity of these combinations was studied and isobolograms were plotted. A synergistic effect was seen with combinations of OTC and EDTA-tromethamine. Kinetic studies of microbial death, using subminimal inhibitory concentrations of these agents, confirmed these findings.

Dimethyl Sulfoxide↗
PubMed1980

Evaluation of diagnostic techniques for canine prostatic diseases.

Ejaculation, prostatic massage, prostatic aspiration biopsy, and prostatic punch biopsy were performed in adult male dogs. The dogs had no abnormalities, as determined by physical examination, CBC, urinalysis, and urine culture. In 7 of 18 dogs, results of bacterial culture of an ejaculate were negative. Bacteria of several species, but primarily gram-positive cocci, were isolated from ejaculates from the remaining 11 dogs. The concentration of bacteria varied from 550/ml to greater than 100,000/ml (1 dog). More than one genus of bacteria was isolated from 8 of the 11 dogs with positive culture results. These organisms were attributed to urethral or preputial contamination during collection. The large numbers of organisms isolated from a few dogs indicated the results of culture of ejaculates must be interpreted cautiously when trying to determine whether prostatic infection is present. Low numbers of neutrophils and occasional squamous cells were found in 66% and 50% of semen samples, respectively, but their presence did not correlate with positive culture results. Massaging the prostate was not associated with recovery of cells or bacteria from proximal urethral washes. An adequate specimen of prostatic tissue for microscopic examination was obtained in 8 of 17 dogs by aspiration and in 8 of 12 dogs by punch biopsy. Bacteria were not isolated from 15 of the 16 samples. Small, focal lesions in the prostate were not detected by aspiration or biopsy. Hematuria of less than 4 days' duration and mild periprostatic hemorrhage were the only complications of aspiration or punch biopsy.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from selected animal species.

Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from 5 of 1,002 fecal samples taken from laboratory rats and mice, hamsters, dogs, cats, pigs, cattle, horses, and deer. Two isolates were from dogs (2 of 202; 1%) and 1 from a pig (1 of 107; 0.9%). The 3 isolates were biotype 1. Atypical environmental Y enterocolitica was isolated from a cow (1 of 141; 0.7%) and a horse (1 of 101; 1%). Isolates were not recovered from the other animal species.

Animals↗