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Biomedical subjects

E Baraldi

Publications and source records attributed to E Baraldi.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Gas exchange during exercise in diabetic children.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratory and metabolic response to exercise in 33 children, aged 9 to 15 years, affected by type I diabetes mellitus, in comparison with 47 age-, sex-, weight-, and height-matched healthy children. All diabetic children were on a mixed split-dose insulin regimen, consisting of both regular and long-acting insulin in the morning and evening. The last insulin injection was administered on average 6 hours before the test. The mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 5.0 +/- 3.1 years. The metabolic control was evaluated on the basis of HbA1 levels (mean, 8.9 +/- 1.8%). Pulmonary function tests and progressive exercise tests on the treadmill were performed. Gas exchange, ventilation, and heart rate (HR) were monitored during the tests. The O2 pulse (VO2/HR) was calculated. There was no difference in the baseline oxygen uptake (VO2) between the diabetic children and the control group. VO2 peak was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in the diabetic adolescents (41.2 +/- 5.9 mL/min/kg) compared to control subjects (46.3 +/- 9.6 mL/min/kg) and it was achieved at an earlier (P less than 0.01) time of run (7.5 +/- 1.8 vs. 9.1 +/- 2.8 min). Anaerobic threshold and minute ventilation were similar in the two groups. The O2 pulse throughout the test was significantly lower (ANOVA, P less than 0.001) in the diabetic group compared to the controls. No differences were found in resting and post-exercise spirometric values. In conclusion, our study shows that well-controlled diabetic adolescents have a reduced working capacity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Exercise performance in very low birth weight children at the age of 7-12 years.

Fifteen very low birth weight children, 9 appropriate for gestational age (AGA, mean birth weight 1302 +/- 164 g) and 6 small for gestational age children (SGA, mean birth weight 1263 +/- 117 g), were studied at the age of 7-12 years, and compared to a group of 26 healthy, age-, sex-, and height-matched children born at term. None of the VLBW children had developed chronic bronchopulmonary disease. Pulmonary function tests and progressive exercise tests on a treadmill were performed. Forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at 1 s and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity were normal for all subjects. No differences were found in maximum oxygen consumption, anaerobic threshold and maximal heart rate between the AGA and SGA children and the respective controls. Both in the AGA and SGA subgroups, the pre-exercise oxygen uptake results were comparable to those of the controls. In the SGA subgroup the energy cost of running was significantly higher with respect to the controls, while no difference was found between the AGA and the control children. In conclusion, children with birth weight less than 1501 g have normal values of aerobic fitness. In SGA children the efficiency of running is slightly reduced.

Anaerobic Threshold↗
PubMed1991

Heart rate recovery from 1 minute of exercise in children and adults.

Previous studies demonstrated that the time required for oxygen uptake, CO2 production, and minute ventilation to return to baseline levels after 1-min bursts of exercise is different in children compared with adults. To test the hypothesis that the heart rate (HR) recovery time after exercise is also different in children compared with adults, we examined HR in 10 children (range 7-11 y old) and 12 adults (26-42 y old) for 10 min after 1 min of cycle ergometer exercise. Each subject exercised at work rates corresponding to 80% of the lactate or anaerobic threshold (AT), 50% of the difference between AT and maximal O2 uptake (delta), 100% of maximal uptake, and 125% of maximal uptake. Gas exchange was measured breath by breath. In adults, the HR recovery time increased significantly with work intensity as judged by the time constant of a single exponential curve fit to postburst-exercise HR [23 +/- 8 (SD) s at 80% AT, 55 +/- 16 at 50% delta, 74 +/- 13 at 100% of maximal uptake, and 83 +/- 20 at 125% of maximal uptake]. HR recovery time tended to increase with work intensity in children (16 +/- 7, 20 +/- 4, 23 +/- 7, and 27 +/- 9; for 80% AT, 50% delta, 100% of maximal uptake, and 125% of maximal uptake respectively), but to a much smaller extent, and the HR recovery time was significantly smaller in children in the high-intensity (above AT) range of exercise (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effect of inhaled disodium cromoglycate and albuterol on energy cost of running in asthmatic children.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of disodium cromoglycate and albuterol on energy cost of running, gas exchange, and ventilation during maximal exercise in children with exercise-induced asthma (EIA). Twelve children (7.1-15.5 years old) with a history of mild to moderate asthma and EIA performed three maximal exercise tests on a treadmill: 1) test A, without premedication; 2) test B, after premedication with inhaled disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) (40 mg); 3) test C, after premedication with inhaled albuterol (200 micrograms). The energy cost of running was calculated at each minute of exercise. None of the children were limited by dyspnea during the run. The post-exercise fall in FEVi after test A was greater than 20% for each child, the mean fall being 32.8 +/- 11.6%, in comparison with 12.6 +/- 8.9% after test B (P less than 0.001) and 2.5 +/- 5.3% after test C (P less than 0.001). There was no difference in the baseline oxygen uptake for the three tests. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) decreased from 43.9 +/- 7.7 mL/min/kg in test A to 37.7 +/- 6.0 mL/min/kg in test B (P less than 0.01) and 39.1 +/- 7.2 mL/min/kg in test C (P less than 0.05). Ventilatory anaerobic threshold in tests B and C was significantly lower than in test A (P less than 0.01). Ventilation (L/min) and energy cost of running (O2 mL/kg/m) were significantly lower in tests B and C than in test A at comparable times. Running time was longer in B and C (P less than 0.05) with respect to A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1990

Exercise tolerance after anaemia correction with recombinant human erythropoietin in end-stage renal disease.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of correction of chronic anaemia on the physical performance and the cardiovascular response to effort in children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) maintained by haemodialysis. Seven patients (mean age 13.9 years) underwent triangular-type treadmill exercise testing before [haemoglobin (Hb) 6.3 +/- 0.9 g/dl] and after (Hb 11.2 +/- 1.2 g/dl) anaemia correction with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO). After treatment, the work-load reached, the peak oxygen uptake and average ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) values were significantly increased (P less than 0.01, P less than 0.001, P less than 0.05 respectively). VAT values, expressed as a percentage of normal values, increased from 55.7 +/- 16.6% to 82.4 +/- 21%. This improvement correlated well with the increase in Hb (r = 0.79). Oxygen pulse also increased significantly, when tested after anaemia correction. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that when the anaemia of children with ESRD is corrected with rHuEPO, there is a clear improvement in aerobic work capacity and effort tolerance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Benefits and risks of anemia correction with recombinant human erythropoietin in children maintained by hemodialysis.

Ten children with renal failure (age range 2 years 6 months to 18 years 9 months; median 11 years 10 months), maintained by long-term hemodialysis, had successful correction of their anemia after intravenous administration of recombinant human erythropoietin in a dosage escalating every 2 weeks (75 to 150 to 300 to 450 IU/kg/wk). Mean hemoglobin concentration increased from 6.4 +/- 0.9 to 11.5 +/- 1.0 gm/dl. Blood cell counts used to evaluate the correction of anemia were done after dialysis; this was especially important for children less compliant with water restriction. The higher hemoglobin concentration resulted in improvement of the quality of life, a greater tolerance for physical effort (exercise tolerance doubled and the ventilatory anaerobic threshold increased significantly), correction of some subclinical central nervous system abnormalities detected by evoked potentials testing, and reduction of bleeding time. Few side effects were noted; severe hypertension developed in one patient when postdialysis hematocrit was only 28%, and there were two episodes of hypertransaminasemia with no other evidence of liver dysfunction. We conclude that in children with renal failure the use of recombinant human erythropoietin to correct anemia is safe and strongly advisable, because of the resolution of many of the symptoms correlated with anemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Exercise tolerance in end-stage renal disease.

The cardiorespiratory and metabolic response to exercise was evaluated in children with end-stage renal failure maintained on haemodialysis. Eight patients (haemodialysis group), 4 boys and 4 girls, with a mean age of 13.4 +/- 3.6 years (range 9.4-18.6 years) and haemoglobin levels ranging from 5.3 to 7.6 g/dl and 16 healthy children (control group) performed a progressive exercise testing on a treadmill. Gas exchange was simultaneously monitored. The mean ventilatory anaerobic threshold of the haemodialysis group, expressed as a percentage of the reference values, was 59.1 +/- 18.2%, and their maximum work load (29.9 +/- 19 W) was about one fourth of that reached by the control group (113.3 +/- 51.6 W). Ventilatory anaerobic threshold values in the haemodialysis group significantly correlated with blood haemoglobin levels, but not with creatinine and parathyroid hormone concentrations. We, therefore, conclude (1) that children maintained on chronic haemodialysis have a marked reduction in aerobic working capacity and (2) that the major cause for this limitation appears to be the reduced haemoglobin concentration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Gas exchange during exercise in obese children.

Twenty-three obese children, aged 9 to 14 years, ranging in percentage overweight from 26% to 83% (median 51.6% +/- 16.3%), and 37 normal-weight children, matched for sex, age and height, performed a maximal exercise test on a treadmill. Cardiorespiratory performance was assessed by determination of the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) expressed in ml O2/min per kg and as a percent of maximal oxygen uptake (% VO2max). VAT and VO2max related to body weight were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in the obese than in the normal-weight children. VAT % VO2max was similar in the two groups. A significant correlation was found between VAT and VO2max both in the obese (r = 0.85) and in the control groups (r = 0.79). The habitual level of physical activity was lower in the obese subjects compared to the control subjects (P less than 0.001). In conclusion our study shows that physical fitness of overweight children is quantitatively lowered and that it can be assessed by VAT. VAT does not require a maximal test and is particularly useful in the ergometric study of subjects with exercise intolerance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

A comparison of two noninvasive methods in the determination of the anaerobic threshold in children.

Seventy children, ranging in age from 7 to 14 years, performed a maximal exercise test on a treadmill with determination of the anaerobic threshold (AT) by two methods: (1) with the gas exchange method the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) was identified by the increase in the ventilatory equivalent for O2 uptake without a concomitant increase in the ventilatory equivalent for CO2 output and (2) with the method proposed by Conconi, the AT was taken at the point beyond which the increase in work intensity exceeded the increase in heart rate and the linearity of the work rate/heart rate relationship was lost. The AT values measured with the two methods were correlated (r = 0.80, P less than 0.001). This result confirms, also in children, the validity of the simple Conconi method: It can be used particularly for the determination of the individual optimal intensity of training.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Antiepileptic drugs and puberty.

This paper investigates pubertal development in 57 epileptic subjects, ranging in age from 6 to 15 years, under anti-epileptic therapy for at least 2 years. The results were compared with those from a control group of healthy volunteers. The onset of stage II puberty was significantly earlier in both male and female treated epileptics than in healthy control subjects: at this stage serum levels of 17-beta-estradiol (E2) were found to be significantly lower in treated epileptic females than in healthy control females and the serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) significantly lower in treated epileptic males than in control subjects. At stage III puberty, serum levels of FSH were significantly lower both in male and female treated epileptic than in healthy control subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Age-related changes in plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, cortisol, testosterone and free testosterone circadian rhythms in adult men.

The circadian rhythms of serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone (T), free testosterone (fT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), oestradiol, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHA-s) have been investigated in 5 normal male adults and 6 elderly men. Circadian rhythms were detected statistically significant (p less than 0.05) by population mean cosinor analysis, for T, fT, cortisol and DHA-s in the young group. In the elderly population, serum cortisol showed a clear circadian rhythm, although with some phase modification, whereas DHA-s secretion lost its circadian rhythmicity. This demonstrates that ageing differently affects the two major adrenal functions, glucocorticoid and androgenic; further, the data suggest that an independent adrenal androgen-regulating system could be selectively impaired in the older subjects. In the elderly group the loss of T circadian rhythm was confirmed, but a statistically significant circadian rhythm of fT was recorded. It was characterized by a marked phase advance and not related with the SHBG modifications found in elderly men. This finding leads us to reconsider the role of fT, which appears more sensitive than total T, in studying circadian rhythm of gonadal androgen secretion.

Adult↗