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Biomedical subjects

E Bergström

Publications and source records attributed to E Bergström.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2007

Obesity in 4-year-old children more prevalent in girls and in municipalities with a low socioeconomic level.

AIM: To provide updated prevalence data of BMI and obesity in 4-year-old Swedish children, also exploring socioeconomic differences. SUBJECTS: A total of 4407 children born 1998-1999 (2231 boys and 2176 girls) in the county of Västerbotten, Sweden. METHODS: Overweight and obesity was estimated using the International Obesity Task Force cutoff values (ISO BMI). Information about socioeconomic level of the municipalities was collected from a health survey of the adult population. RESULTS: Of the boys, 16.7% were classified as overweight and 3.1% of these as obese. Corresponding figures for girls were 22.1% and 6%. [corrected] The P50 and P95 values for BMI were 16.2 and 18.8 for boys and 16.1 and 19.3 for girls, respectively. P50 was at the same level as in previous Swedish studies, while P95 was higher in this study. Obesity, in girls, was more prevalent in municipalities with a low socioeconomic level. CONCLUSION: Overweight and obesity in pre-school children in Sweden is more prevalent in girls than in boys, and the prevalence is as high as in school age children. A low socioeconomic level of living area seems to be related to a higher prevalence of obesity. Increased preventive efforts, both on the individual and the societal level, must be undertaken to reduce future health risks in obese children.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2003

Mobility of the spine after spinal surgery in acute spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study of mobility of the spine. OBJECTIVES: To study the relation between mobility of the spine, operation and length of surgical stabilisation. SETTING: The National Spinal Injuries Centre, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Aylesbury, UK. METHOD: Questionnaires were sent to 99 consecutive acute traumatic spinal cord-injured patients (UK residents) admitted in 1990-1994. All had acute spinal surgery. A total of 68 responded. Their replies, medical records and radiographs were reviewed. RESULTS: (1) In all, 63 patients had surgery in the cervical, thoracolumbar or lumbar spine; 11 of them had more than two functional spinal units (FSUs) stabilised, 10 of these 11 (91%) had less than satisfactory results in terms of metal failure, improper placement of the implant or functional restriction of spinal mobility (FROSM). A total of 35 had 1-2 FSUs stabilised. None of them had metal failure or improper placement of implant, but 14 (40%) had less than satisfactory result due to FROSM; 17 had laminectomy alone, four of these had FROSM. (2) Five patients had surgery in the thoracic spine. Three of these who had 5-7 FSUs stabilised had no FROSM. Two had laminectomy alone, one of whom had FROSM. CONCLUSION: (1) Long surgical stabilisation in the cervical, thoracolumbar and lumbar spines was likely to result in either metal failure or FROSM. (2) Long surgical stabilisation of the thoracic spine was not associated with either metal failure or FROSM. (3) A small proportion of patients had laminectomy alone. One of them who had multiple injuries had FROSM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Increasing prevalence of overweight in young schoolchildren in Umeå, Sweden, from 1986 to 2001.

AIM: To investigate the current prevalence and trend of overweight in young schoolchildren in Umeå, Sweden. METHODS: Two cross-sectional samples of children were studied: 1115 randomly selected children from preschool class to grade 6 (aged 6-13 y) attending school in 2001 and a matched sample of 507 schoolchildren from grades 0, 1 and 4 (aged 6-11 y) attending school in 1986. Overweight was defined according to age- and gender-specific body mass index (BMI) cut-off values, corresponding to BMI values of 25 kg/m2 (level 1) and 30 kg/m2 (level 2) at late adolescence. RESULTS: In the population from 2001, the prevalence of overweight was 23% (18% at level 1, 5% at level 2). The prevalence differed with age, with a higher prevalence at the ages of 6 and 13 y. Comparing children from grades 0, 1 and 4, attending school in 1986 and 2001, respectively, the total prevalence of overweight was twice as high in 2001 as in 1986. Regarding severe overweight (level 2), the difference was even larger (five times). In the 1986 sample, the prevalence of overweight did not differ between girls and boys, while significantly more girls than boys were overweight in 2001. CONCLUSION: In this sample of young children from Sweden, the prevalence of overweight doubled over the past 15 y and severe overweight increased even more, suggesting a need for intensified preventive efforts in young schoolchildren.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Consumption of added fats and oils in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) centres across 10 European countries as assessed by 24-hour dietary recalls.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the consumption of added fats and oils across the European centres and countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). DESIGN AND SETTING: 24-Hour dietary recalls were collected by means of standardised computer-guided interviews in 27 redefined EPIC centres across 10 European countries. SUBJECTS: From an initial number of 36 900 subjects, single dietary recalls from 22 924 women and 13 031 men in the age range of 35-74 years were included. RESULTS: Mean daily intake of added fats and oils varied between 16.2 g (Varese, Italy) and 41.1 g (Malmö, Sweden) in women and between 24.7 g (Ragusa, Italy) and 66.0 g (Potsdam, Germany) in men. Total mean lipid intake by consumption of added fats and oils, including those used for sauce preparation, ranged between 18.3 (Norway) and 37.2 g day-1 (Greece) in women and 28.4 (Heidelberg, Germany) and 51.2 g day-1 (Greece) in men. The Mediterranean EPIC centres with high olive oil consumption combined with low animal fat intake contrasted with the central and northern European centres where fewer vegetable oils, more animal fats and a high proportion of margarine were consumed. The consumption of added fats and oils of animal origin was highest in the German EPIC centres, followed by the French. The contribution of added fats and oils to total energy intake ranged from 8% in Norway to 22% in Greece. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate a high variation in dietary intake of added fats and oils in EPIC, providing a good opportunity to elucidate the role of dietary fats in cancer aetiology.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Diversity of dietary patterns observed in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) project.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the diversity in dietary patterns existing across centres/regions participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). DESIGN AND SETTING: Single 24-hour dietary recall measurements were obtained by means of standardised face-to-face interviews using the EPIC-SOFT software. These have been used to present a graphic multi-dimensional comparison of the adjusted mean consumption of 22 food groups. SUBJECTS: In total, 35 955 men and women, aged 35-74 years, participating in the EPIC nested calibration study. RESULTS: Although wide differences were observed across centres, the countries participating in EPIC are characterised by specific dietary patterns. Overall, Italy and Greece have a dietary pattern characterised by plant foods (except potatoes) and a lower consumption of animal and processed foods, compared with the other EPIC countries. France and particularly Spain have more heterogeneous dietary patterns, with a relatively high consumption of both plant foods and animal products. Apart from characteristics specific to vegetarian groups, the UK 'health-conscious' group shares with the UK general population a relatively high consumption of tea, sauces, cakes, soft drinks (women), margarine and butter. In contrast, the diet in the Nordic countries, The Netherlands, Germany and the UK general population is relatively high in potatoes and animal, processed and sweetened/refined foods, with proportions varying across countries/centres. In these countries, consumption of vegetables and fruit is similar to, or below, the overall EPIC means, and is low for legumes and vegetable oils. Overall, dietary patterns were similar for men and women, although there were large gender differences for certain food groups. CONCLUSIONS: There are considerable differences in food group consumption and dietary patterns among the EPIC study populations. This large heterogeneity should be an advantage when investigating the relationship between diet and cancer and formulating new aetiological hypotheses related to dietary patterns and disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a new measles, mumps and rubella vaccine when administered as a second dose at 12 y of age.

An open randomized trial involving 301 subjects was conducted in order to compare the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a new measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine, SB MMR, with those of a commercial MMR vaccine, Merck MMR, when given as a second dose to children at 11-12 y of age. All subjects had previously received Merck MMR in the first year of life. In initially seronegative subjects, all subjects receiving the Merck MMR vaccine had seroconverted with respect to measles (10/10 subjects), mumps (38/38) and rubella (4/4). Of the subjects receiving SB MMR, 6/7 seroconverted with respect to measles, 29/31 with respect to mumps and 3/3 with respect to rubella. No difference was seen in seroconversion rates or geometric mean values (GMVs) between groups. In initially seropositive subjects, a higher anti-mumps immune response rate was observed in the SB MMR group (59.3%) compared with the Merck MMR group (24.1%). Higher post-vaccination anti-mumps and anti-rubella GMVs were observed in the group receiving SB MMR (p < 0.007), whereas higher anti-measles GMVs were observed in the Merck MMR group (p = 0.0013). There was a lower (p = 0.013) incidence of pain at the injection site in subjects receiving SB MMR (20.1%) compared with Merck MMR (33.3%). Incidences of systemic reactions were similar between groups.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Bone mass and muscle strength in young female soccer players.

In this cross-sectional study, bone mass and muscle strength of the thigh were investigated in 51 female soccer players, age 16.3 +/- 0. 3 years, who had been playing soccer for 8.1 +/- 2.1 years and were at the time of the study in soccer training for 5.0 +/- 1.7 hours/week. They were compared with 41 nonactive females, age 16.2 +/- 1.3 years. The groups were matched according to age, weight, and height. Areal bone mineral density (BMD) was measured of the total body, head, lumbar spine, femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and the greater trochanter using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Isokinetic muscle strength of the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Compared with the nonactives, the soccer players had significantly higher BMD of the total body (2.7%), lumbar spine (6.1%), the dominant and nondominant hip (all sites). The largest differences were found in the greater trochanter on both sides (dominant, 16.5%, nondominant, 14.8%). The soccer players had significantly higher concentric and eccentric peak torque of the thigh muscles. In the soccer group, there was only a positive association between thigh muscle strength and BMD of the adjacent hip, and in the nonactive group there were several positive associations between muscle strength and BMD. However, when adjusting for the variation in weight and height all these associations became nonsignificant. Using multiple linear regression, the type of activity (soccer player, nonactive) independently predicted BMD of all dominant hip sites (beta = 0.32-0.48, P < 0.01). No other variable was found to independently predict BMD of any site. In the younger subjects (</=16 years) only BMD of the greater trochanter was significantly higher in the soccer players. In the older subjects (>16 years) the soccer players had significantly higher BMD in all measured sites except for the nonweight-bearing head. The differences in muscle strength between soccer players and nonactives were already seen in the young age group. In conclusion, girls who train and play soccer in adolescence have a higher bone mass in the hip and lumbar spine, and a higher muscle strength of the thigh compared with nonactive controls, indicating a site-specific skeletal response of weight-bearing and impact-loadng acting on the skeleton. The differences in bone mass were already apparent in early adolescence, but became more pronounced in late adolescence, probably explained by a longer exposure to soccer training with time. Our results also indicate that muscle strength in itself might not be of decisive importance for bone mass in the hip of adolescent females.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2000

Assessment of body perception among Swedish adolescents and young adults.

PURPOSE: To assess body perception in adolescents and young adults without anorexia nervosa. METHOD: Using a visual size estimation technique, perceived body size was estimated in four groups of Swedish adolescents and young adults without anorexia nervosa (86 males and 95 females). Perceived body size was estimated at nine different body sites comparing these estimations to real body size. RESULTS: The results show that 95% of males and 96% of females overestimated their body size (mean overestimation: males +22%, females +33%). The overestimations were greatest in females. The greatest overestimations were made of the waist (males +31%, females +46%), buttocks (males +22%, females +42%), and thighs (males +27%, females +41%). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that overestimation of body size may be a general phenomenon in adolescents and young adults in a country such as Sweden, implying a similar, but less pronounced distortion of body image as in individuals with anorexia nervosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Sports, recreation and employment following spinal cord injury--a pilot study.

STUDY DESIGN: A pilot postal survey. OBJECTIVE: To examine the levels of sporting/recreational activities, education and employment in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to assess if involvement in sport and recreation is associated with higher levels of education and employment. SETTING: National Spinal Injuries Centre (NSIC), Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Aylesbury, UK. METHODS: Forty-five subjects, who met the following criteria: SCI at level C5 or below, wheelchair dependent, aged between 18 and 50 at the time of injury, injured at least 10 years ago, admitted to the NSIC within 6 months of injury and resident in the UK, completed a 26-item postal questionnaire. RESULTS: Among the 45 subjects 47% participated in physical activities (20% in sport; 27% in recreation), 33% were employed (29% full-time) and 18.5% had undergone further education at the time of the survey. Participation in sports as well as employment status decreased after injury (P<0.01) usually as a result of poor access to sports and work facilities. Only 4% of investigated SCI patients started to practise physical activity after the accident whilst 42% stopped. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of sporting/recreational activities and employment decreased significantly after injury. No significant correlation was found between sport/recreation involvement and education/employment status. Further investigation with a large number of participants that will enable additional analysis of subgroups, such as level of injury and functional independence, is required.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Suffocated prone: the iatrogenic tragedy of SIDS.

Epidemiologic research has shown that prone sleeping is a major risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In a public health review from Sweden, we explored the historical background of the SIDS epidemic, starting with the view of the Catholic Church that sudden infant deaths were infanticides and ending with the slowly disseminated recommendation of a prone sleeping position during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. The story of the SIDS epidemic illustrates a pitfall of preventive medicine--the translation of health care routines for patients to general health advice that targets the whole population. False advice, as well as correct advice, may have a profound effect on public health because of the many individuals concerned. Preventive measures must be based on scientific evidence, and systematic supervision and evaluations are necessary to identify the benefits or the harm of the measures. The discovery of the link between prone sleeping and SIDS has been called a success story for epidemiology, but the slow acceptance of the causal relationship between prone sleeping and SIDS illustrates the weak position of epidemiology and public health within the health care system.

Asphyxia↗
PubMed1998

High thigh muscle strength but not bone mass in young horseback-riding females.

To evaluate whether the type of weight-bearing loading subjected to the skeleton during horseback-riding was associated with differences in bone mass and muscle strength of the thigh, we investigated bone mass and isokinetic muscle strength in 20 female horse riders (age 17.9 +/- 0.6 years) who were riding 7.0 +/- 3.4 hours/week, and 20 nonactive females (age 17.8 +/- 1.1 years). The groups were matched according to age, weight, and height. Areal bone mineral density was measured in total body, head, lumbar spine, right femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanter, the whole dominant and nondominant humerus, and in specific sites in the right femur diaphysis, distal femur, proximal tibia, and tibia diaphysis using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Isokinetic concentric and eccentric peak torque of the quadricep and hamstring muscles were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. There were no significant differences in bone mass between the horseback riders and nonactives at any site measured. The horse riders were significantly (P < 0.05-0.01) stronger in concentric hamstrings strength at 90 degrees/second and 225 degrees/second and in eccentric quadricep and hamstring strength at 90 degrees/second. Horseback riding in young females is associated with a high muscle strength of the thigh, but not with a high bone mass.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Synthesis, in vivo rhesus monkey biodistribution and in vitro evaluation of a 11C-labelled potent aromatase inhibitor: [N-methyl-11C]vorozole.

[N-methyl-11C]Vorozole, a high-affinity aromatase-binding radiotracer, was synthesized through N-methylation of the corresponding nor-vorozole derivative using [11C]methyl iodide. [N-methyl-11C]Vorozole was obtained in 53-56% radiochemical yield based on [11C]methyl iodide within 40 min of the end of radionuclide production. The final formulation was >98% radiochemically pure and had a specific radioactivity of 10-143 GBq/micromol. In vitro, [N-methyl-11C]vorozole displayed high and specific binding to aromatase-rich human placenta. [N-methyl-11C]Vorozole binding to other tissues was lower and less specific. The dissociation constant measured was in the low nM range (Kd 1.7 nM), consistent with published Ki values for vorozole. Biodistribution studies in rhesus monkeys showed high liver uptake, which reached a constant level of 20% of the injected dose after 10 min, and an otherwise relatively even distribution of radioactivity. Pretreatment with vorozole only caused minor alterations of the biodistribution of the tracer.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Self-esteem in children with nocturnal enuresis and urinary incontinence: improvement of self-esteem after treatment.

A study of self-esteem before and after medical treatment was performed in children with primary nocturnal enuresis (NE) and urinary incontinence (UI). The NEUI children and the controls were recruited from the normal population in the town of Umeå, Sweden. In total, 66 NEUI children and 64 controls entered the study. Clinical examination, laboratory and psychological tests were performed before the start of treatment. Follow-up investigations were done 3 and 6 months after the start of treatment. To assess self-esteem we used the Swedish self-esteem questionnaire 'I think I am'. Compared to controls, the NEUI children had significant impairment of self-esteem before the start of treatment. Within the NEUI group, boys had lower self-esteem than girls. After 6 months of treatment, the NEUI children had the same levels of self-esteem as the control group. The NEUI children that had become totally dry had significantly better self-esteem at 6-month follow-up as compared to the NEUI children with persisting NEUI problems. In conclusion, the study shows that NEUI children have low self-esteem and that their self-esteem may be normalized with proper treatment.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

In vitro and in vivo primate evaluation of carbon-11-etomidate and carbon-11-metomidate as potential tracers for PET imaging of the adrenal cortex and its tumors.

METHODS: With the purpose of developing a PET imaging agent for tumors of the adrenal cortex, we developed syntheses for 11C-etomidate and its methyl analog, 11C-metomidate. (R)-[O-ethyl-1-11C]Etomidate and (R)-[O-methyl-11C]metomidate were prepared by reaction of the appropriate respective 11C-labeled alkyl iodide and the tetrabutylammonium salt of the carboxylic acid derivative. The specificity of binding to the adrenal cortex was tested through the use of frozen section autoradiography of different tissues of the rat, pig and human. Inhibition of tracer binding was evaluated with etomidate, ketoconazole and metyrapone, well-known inhibitors of enzymes for steroid synthesis. Tracer binding to different human tumor samples was compared to immunohistochemical staining with antibodies for the steroid synthesis enzymes P450 11beta (11beta-hydroxylase), P450 scc (cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme), P450 C21 (21 -hydroxylase) and P450 17alpha (17alpha-hydroxylase). Three PET investigations, one with 11C-etomidate and two with 11C-metomidate, were performed in rhesus monkey sections, including the adrenals, liver and kidneys. Time-activity curves were generated from measured tracer uptake in these organs. RESULTS: In frozen section autoradiography of various tissues, high binding was seen in the adrenal cortex from all species, as well as in the tumors of adrenal cortical origin. The level of liver binding was about 50% of that in the adrenals, whereas that of all other organs was <10% of the adrenal binding. The adrenal binding was blocked by etomidate and ketoconazole at low doses but not by metyrapone. The binding in the adrenal tumor samples correlated with immunostaining for P450 11beta . PET studies in the monkey demonstrated high uptake in the adrenals with excellent visualization. The uptake increased with time without indication of washout. Slightly lower uptake was seen in the liver as compared to the adrenals, and in the late images, no organs other than adrenals and liver were seen. CONCLUSION: These investigations indicate that 11C-etomidate and 11C-metomidate have the potential to be useful specific agents for the visualization of the normal adrenal cortex and to provide positive identification of adrenal cortical tumors.

Adrenal Cortex↗