PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

E Bingham

Publications and source records attributed to E Bingham.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Standards, regulation, and public health.

The period from 1900 to about 1914 produced more than 100 initiatives by the federal government to regulate the food and drug supply. In the period from about 1914 until the latter part of the 1930s, attention focused on occupational exposures. The passage of the Walsh-Healey Act in 1936 led to the need to develop exposure limits (standards) for contaminants in industrial operations. During the 1960s, the environmental movement emerged, resulting in various laws to protect the public health beginning around 1970. The interplay of factors necessary to prevent environmentally induced diseases is complex, but standards are considered to be objective indicators of successful preventive measures or strategies. The roles or activities of various entities in establishing these standards are critical and include research, education, health professionals, professional organizations, and the government.

Environmental Health↗
PubMed1990

Occupational bladder cancer in textile dyeing and printing workers: six cases and their significance for screening programs.

Occupational bladder cancer due to aniline dye intermediates such as beta-naphthylamine and benzidine has long been known; benzidine congeners (o-tolidine and o-dianisidine) are highly suspect. Among 400 men from the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union (ACTWU) Dyers locals in New York and New Jersey screened over a 4-year period, two cases of bladder cancer were detected. (Microscopic hematuria, not cytological evaluation, prompted further investigation.) Before a 1984 ACTWU screening program in North Carolina, three workers from the same plant self-reported bladder cancers. Another member, with inconclusive screening results, was diagnosed 2 years later. For these six cases, the mean age at detection was 56.5 years (age range, 38 to 79 years), a decade earlier than age at diagnosis of nonoccupational bladder cancer in men. The average latency from onset of exposure to diagnosis was 23.3 years. These cancers provide evidence to support the initiation of screening programs for high-risk workers. To overcome the emotional and economic disincentives faced by potential victims of occupational bladder cancer, training programs are needed. Worker involvement is required, through trade union representation where possible, to assure reliable training and the equitable distribution of screening and treatment costs.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Length of consultation: how well do patient's choose?

Patients attending a rural Berkshire surgery were invited to decide the length of appointment they required with the general practitioner. They were offered a choice of five minutes, 10 minutes, or longer, but the general practitioner was unaware of the time requested. Of 200 consecutive patients 115 requested five minutes, 80 requested 10 minutes and five requested longer. The mean consultation length of these groups was 6.5, 9.2 and 14.5 minutes, respectively. Patients given a diagnosis of psychiatric disorder were less accurate in their choice of time than any other diagnostic group. The results suggest that patients are generally good at estimating the time they require in consultation, and do not request over long appointments. It may thus be reasonable to allow patients to choose their consultation length.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Bioassay of complex mixtures derived from fossil fuels.

The conversion or processing of shale, coal, or petroleum involves elevated temperatures and altered pressures, and under these conditions polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are likely to form. Certain compounds of this type exhibit carcinogenic activity for a variety of organ sites in experimental animals and epidemiological evidence strongly implicates their role as carcinogens in man. It is then not unexpected that many liquid fractions derived from shale and coal are carcinogenic when subjected to bioassay. Benzo(a)pyrene, [B(a)P], is frequently considered to be an indicator substance. It is clear that when a small quantity of B(a)P is present in a fraction, the fraction will exhibit carcinogenic activity in a bioassay (mouse skin). However, it does not follow that the lack of detectable B(a)P insures that the fraction will be noncarcinogenic. Several fractions have been analyzed for their content of B(a)P and then subjected to bioassay. A method for testing complex mixtures for their carcinogenic potential is described. The carcinogenic potency of these fractions are compared to petroleum fractions.

Animals↗