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Biomedical subjects

E Brainerd

Publications and source records attributed to E Brainerd.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

School Health Nursing Services Progress Review: report of 1996 national meeting.

This is a report of the outcomes of an invitational meeting convened in 1996 by the Division of Adolescent and School Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DASH/CDC) and the National Center for School Health Nursing, American Nurses Association, Participants reviewed progress made on seven critical needs identified in 1994 at the School Health Nursing Services: Exploring National Issues conference. Priority actions were updated, consensus was reached for specific strategies to move towards achievement of goals and organizations and agencies were suggested to assume leadership. Participants and current membership of the National Nursing Coalition for School Health are listed as well as examples of related activities occurring in the interim. Collaborative partnerships are encouraged to assist school nurses in meeting the school-related health needs of all students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

From eradication to resistance: five continuing concerns about pediculosis.

A school nurse, serving in the capacity of infection control officer, is responsible for managing head lice infestations. The nurse's concerns on the student and parent levels include dispelling misconceptions about lice, screening, motivating correct treatment, and providing follow-up. The nurse's responsibility to the community as a whole also involves putting into practice policies that prevent the spread of infestations without promoting pediculicide resistance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Mechanics of lung ventilation in a large aquatic salamander, siren lacertina

Lung ventilation in Siren lacertina was studied using X-ray video, measurements of body cavity pressure and electromyography of hypaxial muscles. S. lacertina utilizes a two-stroke buccal pump in which mixing of expired and inspired gas is minimized by partial expansion of the buccal cavity during exhalation and then full expansion after exhalation is complete. Mixing is further reduced by the use of one or two accessory inspirations after the first, mixed-gas cycle. Exhalation occurs in two phases: a passive phase in which hydrostatic pressure and possibly lung elasticity force air out of the lungs, and an active phase in which contraction of the transverse abdominis (TA) muscle increases body cavity pressure and forces most of the remaining air out. In electromyograms of the lateral hypaxial musculature, the TA became active 200-400 ms before the rise in body cavity pressure, and activity ceased at peak pressure. The TA was not active during inspiration, and no consistent activity during breathing was noted in the external oblique, internal oblique and rectus abdominis muscles. The finding that the TA is the primary expiratory muscle in S. lacertina agrees with findings in a previous study of another salamander, Necturus maculosus. Together, these results indicate that the use of the TA for exhalation is a primitive character for salamanders and support the hypothesis that the breathing mechanism of salamanders represents an intermediate step in evolution between a buccal pump, in which only head muscles are used for ventilation, and an aspiration pump, in which axial muscles are used for both exhalation and inhalation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

School health nursing services progress review: report of 1996 national meeting.

This is a report of the outcomes of an invitational meeting convened in 1996 by the Division of Adolescent and School Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DASH/CDC) and the National Center for School Health Nursing, American Nurses Association. Participants reviewed progress made on seven critical needs identified in 1994 at the School Health Nursing Services: Exploring National Issues conference. Priority actions were updated, consensus was reached for specific strategies to move toward achievement of goals, and organizations and agencies were suggested to assume leadership. Participants and current membership of the National Nursing Coalition for School Health are listed. Collaborative partnerships are encouraged to assist school nurses in meeting the school-related health needs of students.

Health Priorities↗
PubMed1997

Opercular jetting during fast-starts by flatfishes

When attacked by predators, flatfishes perform fast-starts that result in a rapid take-off from the ocean bottom on which they lie. High-speed video recordings of the blind side of flatfishes indicate that they expel a coherent jet of water from the blind-side opercular valve during take-off. Buccal pressure recordings in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) show that a buccal pressure pulse begins 0­20 ms before the beginning of the fast-start and has a range of mean magnitudes for three individuals of 1.6­10.7 kPa. We hypothesize that one function of the opercular jet in flatfishes may be to reduce the effects of Stefan adhesion. Stefan adhesion occurs as the fish lifts its head up rapidly from the ocean bottom, when water must flow into the space forming beneath the fish. Water viscosity opposes this rapid shear, and a suction pressure develops under the fish, making it more difficult for the fish to escape from the bottom. To estimate the magnitude of Stefan adhesion, we simulated fast-starts using a physical model in which a dead flounder was pulled upwards with an acceleration of 95 m s-2. Results from the physical model indicate that up to 35 % of the total force required to lift the head at 20 ms into the start can be attributed to Stefan adhesion. Despite this large adhesion force, previous work has shown that live flatfish do not show improved fast-start performance when Stefan adhesion has been eliminated by starting the fish from an open wire grid. Thus, live fishes are likely to be using behavioral mechanisms to reduce the adhesion force. Both the timing and location along the body of the opercular jet indicate that it is ideally suited to attenuate the effects of Stefan adhesion. Propping the body up on the median fins may also reduce adhesion by increasing the initial distance between the fish and the ocean floor.

Journal Article↗