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Biomedical subjects

E Buckolz

Publications and source records attributed to E Buckolz.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Imagery and the acquisition of motor skills.

This paper examines the relationship between imagery and the acquisition of motor skills. Since most of the research in the motor domain has considered imagery under the topic of mental practice, a comparison between imagery and mental practice is first drawn. Then the basic mental practice paradigm is outlined and research on the effects of imagery is summarized. Factors influencing the use of imagery are considered, including the task, the imagery instructions, and individual imagery abilities. Implications for employing imagery in the teaching of motor skills are discussed and, finally, an approach to studying imagery and motor skills is put forward.

Cognition↗
PubMed1990

Additive latency effects of selective and nonselective restricted priming types.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine further the contention of Alain et al. (1988) that a third priming type exists, called nonselective restricted (NSR) and controlled by response probability, which is distinct from those types influenced by foreperiod duration (nonselective general priming) and prediction probability (selective priming). In a four-choice reaction time (RT) task, prediction probability (.5, .7, & .9, indicating the likelihood of a particular response) and response probability (.5, .9, denoting the likelihood that a response would be needed at all) exerted significant but noninteractive effects on RTs for prepared responses (most probable), suggesting that each of these probabilities influence different priming types (Sternberg, 1969; selective and NSR, respectively). This was further indicated by the fact that prediction probability, but not response probability, significantly altered RTs for the unprepared (lesser probable) responses. Finally, the hypothesized nonselective character of NSR priming (i.e., all outputs controlled by response probability are equally affected by its value changes) was supported when responses were equiprobable, and, while the null effect of response probability just mentioned seemingly argued against this property when selective priming took place, the interpretation provided herein negated this opposition.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Embedded blank trials: their influence on error recognition ability.

On some occasions, mixing knowledge of results (KR) and Blank trials (No-KR) during acquisition has increased retention relative to when Blanks were absent. The proposal that Blank trials improve retention because they encourage the development of the internalized error recognition system was not supported.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Advance cues and their use in predicting tennis passing shots.

The present investigation represents an attempt to begin to delineate the specific advance cues that tennis players might employ as a basis for predicting the passing shots (i.e., forehand and backhand; down-the-line, cross-court, or lob) of their opponents and, as well, to evaluate the predictive accuracy of any such cues identified. In addition, an effort has been made to determine whether individuals judged to possess advanced tennis skills make more effective use of available telegraphic cues than do those players considered to possess only an intermediate level of overall tennis proficiency. The results obtained indicate that advance body-language cues do exist that accurately forecast passing-shot location, and this is particularly true for forehand shots. Some of the actual cues employed are reported. Generally, advanced players predicted passing-shot type more accurately than did their intermediate counterparts. In some instances, this difference in accuracy can be attributed to the fact that the intermediate players were unaware of what the telegraphic cues were (e.g., backhand shots) while, in other situations, the difference in prediction ability is primarily due to the intermediate players' more frequent failure to detect the presence of known telegraphic cues (i.e., forehand shots).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Sprint start reaction time: on the advisability of sensory vs motor sets.

Currently, the available literature cannot provide definitive advice as to whether a sensory or a motor set will provide the faster reaction times. Two reasons have been proposed for the apparently incompatible results--and these were examined here. The first reason holds that the traditional motor set instructions were inappropriate because they misdirected subjects' attention to output execution which, in turn, resulted in prolonged RTs. Second, spontaneous set preferences (i.e., the set preferred at the time of reporting for the experiment) may influence which enforced set (sensory vs motor) yields the faster latency and, hence, sampling may have contributed to the different conclusions offered in past work. The present data supported the second but not the first proposal. The optimal set is that most practised by the individual.

Female↗
PubMed1980

Sprint start reaction time: should one attend to the input or the output or does it matter?

The advice most compatible with the experimental literature reviewed is to suggest that the performer's attention be directed toward response preparation, the level of which varies inversely with simple RT magnitude. Directing the individual's attention elsewhere, such as enforcing a sensory set via instructions or encouraging the performer to focus attention upon the details of response execution, serves to reduce response preparation degree, thereby prolonging RT and masking any facilitation effect which can be demonstrated when proper attentional instructions are given.

Attention↗