Biomedical subjects

E Bush

Publications and source records attributed to E Bush.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Application of broken-line analysis to assess floor space requirements of nursery and grower-finisher pigs expressed on an allometric basis.

Few issues in swine production are as complex as floor space allowances. One method for pork producers to calculate floor space allowance (A) is to convert BW into a 2-dimensional concept yielding an expression of A = k * BW(0.667). Data on ADG, ADFI, and G:F were obtained from published peer-reviewed studies. Five data sets were created: A = grower-finisher pigs, fully slatted floors, and consistent group size; B = grower-finisher pigs and fully slatted floors (group size did not need to be consistent); C = grower-finisher pigs, partially slatted floors, and consistent group size; D = grower-finisher pigs, partially slatted floors (group size did not need to be consistent); and E = nursery pigs, fully slatted or woven wire floors (group size did not need to be consistent). Each data set was analyzed using a broken-line analysis and a linear regression. For the broken-line analyses, the critical k value, below which a decrease in ADG occurred, varied from 0.0317 to 0.0348. In all cases the effect of space allowance on ADG was significant (P < 0.05). Using the linear analyses based on data with k values of < 0.030, the critical k values for the 4 grower-finisher data sets did not differ from those obtained using the broken-line analysis (0.0358 vs. 0.0336, respectively; P > 0.10); however, none of the linear regressions explained a significant proportion of the variation in ADG. The slopes for the nonplateau portion of the broken-line analyses based on percent values varied among data sets. For every 0.001 decrease in k (approximately 3% of the critical k value), ADG decreased by 0.56 to 1.41%, with an average value of 0.98% for the 5%-based analyses. The use of an allometric approach to express space allowance and broken-line analysis to establish space requirements seem to be useful tools for pig production. The critical k value at which crowding becomes detrimental to the growth of the pig is similar in full- and partial-slat systems and in nursery and grower-finisher stages. The critical point for crowding determined in these analyses approximated current recommendations to ensure the welfare of pigs.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed2001

Psychological and physiological factors associated with tilt table testing for neurally mediated syncopal syndromes.

This study investigated psychological and physiological factors in two groups of patients who had tilt table testing for autonomic dysfunction. The first group of 61 patients completed assessments of depression, anxiety, and symptom effects on lifestyle. The 25 patients identified as tilt positive were younger (30.5 years) and had higher mean depression scores (7.6) compared to the tilt-negative response group (n = 36); the latter averaged 40 years of age and had mean depression scores of 4.6. These differences were statistically significant. Women testing tilt positive were significantly more depressed than tilt-negative women (P = 0.02). More severe depressive symptoms were associated with lower blood pressure (BP) (P < 0.05). A second group of 52 patients was monitored during tilt for BP, heart rate (HR), skin temperature (TEMP), skin conductance level (SCL), and forehead muscle tension (EMG). Twenty-seven tested positive and 23 were negative. There were statistically significant group differences in systolic BP and diastolic BP (P < 0.05). There was a significant interaction between tilt status (positive or negative) and time (P = 0.03) in HR. TEMP increased 2 degrees over time in both groups (P < 0.05). The decrease in SCL from 13.7 to 10.4 mu omega in the tilt-positive response group compared to the slight increase in the tilt-negative group was significantly different (P < 0.05). Identification of psychological factors correlated with BP and physiological changes that accompany decreases in BP in tilt-positive response patients could guide management of patients with autonomic dysfunction.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Insulin-sensitizing effect of rosiglitazone (BRL-49653) by regulation of glucose transporters in muscle and fat of Zucker rats.

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of antidiabetic agents, are specific agonists of peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PPARgamma). However, their mechanisms of action, and the in vivo target tissues that mediate insulin sensitization are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of glucose transporters (GLUT-1 and GLUT-4) in the TZD insulin-sensitizer action. The effects of rosiglitazone treatment were studied using Zucker (fa/fa) rats after 7 days of oral dosing (3.6 mg/kg/d). Rosiglitazone lowered (approximate 80%) basal plasma insulin levels in obese rats and substantially corrected (approximately 50%) insulin resistance based upon results from hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies. GLUT-4 protein levels were reduced (approximately 75%) in adipose tissue of obese rats and treatment with rosiglitazone normalized them. Interestingly, GLUT-1 protein content was increased in adipose tissue ( thick approximate 150%) and skeletal muscle (approximately 50%) of obese rats and treatment with rosiglitazone increased it even more by 5.5-fold in fat and by 2.5-fold in muscle. Consistent with these results, basal (GLUT-1-mediated) transport rate of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose into isolated epitrochlearis muscle was elevated in response to rosiglitazone. Incubation of fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with the drug for 7 days increased the levels of GLUT-1 protein, but did not affect GLUT-4 levels. In conclusion, rosiglitazone may improve insulin resistance in vivo by normalizing GLUT-4 protein content in adipose tissue and increasing GLUT-1 in skeletal muscle and fat. While the drug has a direct effect on GLUT-1 protein expression in vitro without a direct effect on GLUT-4 suggests that direct and indirect effects of rosiglitazone on glucose transporters may have an important role in improving insulin resistance in vivo.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed2001

The use of human touch to improve the well-being of older adults. A holistic nursing intervention.

Touch and massage are viable nursing modalities that are both underutilized and understudied. This underuse of touch is especially noted in settings aimed at improving the well-being of older adults. A number of studies suggest that the appropriate use of touch by nurses has the potential to significantly improve the health status of older adults. In particular, touch can be useful with cognitively impaired, institutionalized, or hospitalized older adults. Likewise, touch can be useful for improving comfort and communication among terminally ill older adults and their loved ones. This article synthesizes some of the available literature on the subject while suggesting avenues for nursing practice and education aimed at using touch as a viable and cost-effective holistic gerontological nursing intervention.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

CC chemokine receptor 2 is required for macrophage infiltration and vascular hypertrophy in angiotensin II-induced hypertension.

Recent studies have identified the presence of macrophages in the arterial wall of hypertensive animals and suggested that as is the case in atherosclerosis, macrophage products may be important mediators of the adaptive response of the arterial wall. In support of this, we have previously shown that the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is upregulated in the arteries of hypertensive animals. We hypothesized that macrophage recruitment is a critical step in the pathogenesis of hypertension. To obtain insights into this potential mechanism, we made use of mice deficient in the CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), the receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Hypertension was induced with the subcutaneous administration of angiotensin II (0.75 mg. kg(-1). d(-1)) for 7 days. Using in situ hybridization with a probe for c-fms to identify macrophages, we found that hypertension-induced macrophage infiltration of the arterial wall was virtually eliminated in CCR2-deficient mice. In addition, vascular hypertrophy was reduced by approximately 65% compared with wild-type animals. These data demonstrate that CCR2 is essential for the recruitment of macrophages into the arterial wall in the setting of hypertension. Furthermore, the decreased hypertrophic response suggests that vascular hypertrophy occurs in part as a consequence of macrophage infiltration. In angiotensin II-induced hypertension, CCR2-mediated responses are critical to the process of macrophage recruitment and vascular hypertrophy and may represent one mechanism by which at least some forms of hypertension may lead to the development of atherosclerosis.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed1999

Seroprevalence of Trichinella infection in domestic swine based on the National Animal Health Monitoring System's 1990 and 1995 swine surveys.

Swine sera collected by the US Department of Agriculture's Center for Animal Health Monitoring during 1990 and 1995 was tested for antibodies to Trichinella spiralis using an enzyme immunoassay. From a total of 3048 sera collected from lactating sows in 1990, five sera tested positive for a prevalence of 0.16%. From a total of 7987 sera collected from both finishing pigs and gestating sows in 1995, one serum was positive for a prevalence of 0.013%. Responses to questionnaires administered at the time of serum collection showed that seropositive farms had management variables consistent with known risk factors for exposure to trichinae.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1999

Bioequivalence of two tablet formulations of capecitabine and exploration of age, gender, body surface area, and creatinine clearance as factors influencing systemic exposure in cancer patients.

PURPOSE: The objective of the study was to assess the bioequivalence of two tablet formulations of capecitabine and to explore the effect of age, gender, body surface area and creatinine clearance on the systemic exposure to capecitabine and its metabolites. METHODS: The study was designed as an open, randomized two-way crossover trial. A single oral dose of 2000 mg capecitabine was administered on two separate days to 25 patients with solid tumors. On one day, the patients received four 500-mg tablets of formulation B (test formulation) and on the other day, four 500-mg tablets of formulation A (reference formulation). The washout period between the two administrations was between 2 and 8 days. After each administration, serial blood and urine samples were collected for up to 12 and 24 h, respectively. Unchanged capecitabine and its metabolites were determined in plasma using LC/MS-MS and in urine by NMRS. RESULTS: Based on the primary pharmacokinetic parameter, AUC(0-infinity) of 5'-DFUR, equivalence was concluded for the two formulations, since the 90% confidence interval of the estimate of formulation B relative to formulation A of 97% to 107% was within the acceptance region 80% to 125%. There was no clinically significant difference between the t(max) for the two formulations (median 2.1 versus 2.0 h). The estimate for C(max) was 111% for formulation B compared to formulation A and the 90% confidence interval of 95% to 136% was within the reference region 70% to 143%. Overall, these results suggest no relevant difference between the two formulations regarding the extent to which 5'-DFUR reached the systemic circulation and the rate at which 5'-DFUR appeared in the systemic circulation. The overall urinary excretions were 86.0% and 86.5% of the dose, respectively, and the proportion recovered as each metabolite was similar for the two formulations. The majority of the dose was excreted as FBAL (61.5% and 60.3%), all other chemical species making a minor contribution. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis to explore the influence of age, gender, body surface area and creatinine clearance on the log-transformed pharmacokinetic parameters AUC(0-infinity) and C(max) of capecitabine and its metabolites revealed no clinically significant effects. The only statistically significant results were obtained for AUC(0-infinity) and C(max) of intact drug and for C(max) of FBAL, which were higher in females than in males. CONCLUSION: The bioavailability of 5'-DFUR in the systemic circulation was practically identical after administration of the two tablet formulations. Therefore, the two formulations can be regarded as bioequivalent. The variables investigated (age, gender, body surface area, and creatinine clearance) had no clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of capecitabine or its metabolites.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

A human capecitabine excretion balance and pharmacokinetic study after administration of a single oral dose of 14C-labelled drug.

An excretion balance and pharmacokinetic study was conducted in cancer patients with solid tumors who received a single oral dose of capecitabine of 2000 mg including 50 microCi of 14C-radiolabelled capecitabine. Blood, urine and fecal samples were collected until radioactive counts had fallen to below 50 dpm/mL in urine, and levels of intact drug and its metabolites were measured in plasma and urine by LC/MS-MS (mass spectrometry) and 19F-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) respectively. Based on the results of the 6 eligible patients enrolled, the dose was almost completely recovered in the urine (mean 95.5%, range 86-104% based on radioactivity measurements) over a period of 7 days after drug administration. Of this, 84% (range 71-95) was recovered in the first 12 hours. Over this time period, 2.64% (0.69-7.0) was collected in the feces. Over a collection period of 24-48 h, a total of 84.2% (range 80-95) was recovered in the urine as the sum of the parent drug and measured metabolites (5'-DFCR, 5'-DFUR, 5-FU, FUH2, FUPA, FBAL). Based on the radioactivity measurements of drug-related material, absorption is rapid (tmax 0.25-1.5 hours) followed by a rapid biphasic decline. The parent drug is rapidly converted to 5-FU, which is present in low levels due to the rapid metabolism to FBAL, which has the longest half-life. There is a good correlation between the levels of radioactivity in the plasma and the levels of intact drug and the metabolites, suggesting that these represent the most abundant metabolites of capecitabine. The absorption of capecitabine is rapid and almost complete. The excretion of the intact drug and its metabolites is rapid and almost exclusively in the urine.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1999

Hearing our voices: assessing HIV prevention needs among Asian and Pacific Islander women.

The purpose of this study was to (a) assess the impact of HIV/AIDS on the Asian-Pacific Islander (API) community and changes in their behavior due to AIDS, (b) identify perception of risk, HIV risk behaviors, factors contributing to those behaviors, barriers to HIV prevention, and the types of prevention programs that would benefit their community, and (c) describe culturally appropriate considerations when designing HIV prevention strategies for API women. Thirty API adults participated in three different groups. Focus group interviewing methods were used, guided by the Health Belief Model. The women had numerous concerns about HIV that placed them at risk for infection, such as their inability to talk with their sexual partners about condom use due to the cultural and taboo nature of sexual topics. All groups concluded that for HIV prevention interventions to be successful, they must be tailored to the cultural and specific needs of API women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Preadolescent suicidal behavior: the role of cognitive functioning.

The recent suicidal behavior of fifty-three hospitalized preadolescents was assessed in interviews with children and their parents. Children described by their parents as more suicidal scored higher on measures of verbal intelligence and language production than their less suicidal counterparts, with unique variance predicted only by language production ability. The results suggest that parents of preadolescents with better language production skills may be more aware of their youngsters' suicidal thoughts than parents of children with poorer language production ability.

Child↗

PubMed1996

Inhibition and kinetics of cytochrome P4503A activity in microsomes from rat, human, and cdna-expressed human cytochrome P450.

Midazolam (MDZ) is metabolized in human liver microsomes by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A subfamily to 1'-hydroxy (1'-OH) and 4-hydroxy (4-OH) metabolites. MDZ is metabolized in the rat primarily to 4-OH MDZ, 1'-OH MDZ, and 1',4-dihydroxy (1',4-diOH) MDZ. The kinetics of 4-OH and 1'-OH metabolite formation were determined using hepatic microsomes from control, Ro 23-7637 and dexamethasone-treated male rats. KM values for the major metabolite, 4-OH MDZ, were 24.5, 43.1, and 32.8 microM, and the corresponding Vmax values were 5.9, 28.9, and 13 nmol/mg/min for the control, DEX, and Ro 23-7637-treated animals, respectively KM values for 1'-hydroxylation of MDZ (the major metabolite) after incubation with human liver microsomes from three individuals were 5.57, 2.50, and 3.56 microM, and the corresponding Vmax values were 4.38, 0.49, and 0.19 nmol/mg/min, respectively. In parallel studies using cDNA-expressed human CYP3A4 microsomes, the KM for 1'-OH formation was 1.56 microM, and the corresponding Vmax was 0.16 nmol/mg/min. MDZ was not metabolized by cDNA-expressed human CYP2D6, CYP2E1, or CYP1A2, thus confirming that these isoforms were not responsible for its biotransformation. The formation of 1',4-diOH metabolite in rat and 1'-OH formation in cDNA-expressed human CYP3A4 microsomes showed a decrease in velocity at high substrate concentrations. Inhibition studies showed that MDZ hydroxylation was strongly inhibited by ketoconazole and Ro 23-7637 in rat, human, and cDNA-expressed human CYP3A4 microsomes. alpha-Naphthoflavone stimulated 1'-OH metabolite formation in human and cDNA-expressed human CYP3A4 microsomes at low concentration (10 microM). Naringenin, a flavonoid present in grapefruit juice, also inhibited MDZ metabolism in human liver microsomes. Immunoinhibition studies revealed that polyclonal anti-rat CYP3A2 antibody inhibited MDZ metabolism 80-90% in rat, human, and cDNA-expressed human CYP3A4 microsomes, thus suggesting that members of the CYP3A4 subfamily were involved in the metabolism.

Anesthetics, Intravenous↗

PubMed1996

Plasma kinetics of vitamin A in humans after a single oral dose of [8,9,19-13C]retinyl palmitate.

The kinetics of vitamin A and its major metabolites were investigated in humans. Eleven healthy male subjects ingested 105 mumol (100,000 IU) of [8,9,19-13C]retinyl palmitate in an oily solution. Twenty-seven blood samples were collected during the 1-week study. Plasma samples were analyzed for retinyl esters and for [12C]- and [8,9,19-13C]retinol. Retinol isotopes were quantified using a newly developed GC-MS method. Total retinyl esters peaked at about 4.45 mumol/L from 3.5 to 12 h after dosing. As a result of the perturbation of the tracee system, the plasma concentration of [12C]retinol increased and then decreased as the concentration of [8,9,19-13C]retinol increased, indicating rapid distribution kinetics. A broad single peak (1.16 +/- 0.32 mumol/L) was observed for [8,9,19-13C]retinol at about 10 to 24 h postdose; this likely reflects hepatic secretion of [8,9,19-13C]retinol associated with retinol-binding protein. Then, declining levels of the tracer and increasing levels of the tracee were observed. At its peak, the ingested [8,9,19-13C]retinol reached about 51% of the observed total plasma retinol concentration. This percentage dropped to 13.4% on day 7 indicating slow final elimination from plasma. Our data support the concept that the liver follows the principle "last in/first out' in maintaining vitamin A homeostasis.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1995

Active treatment programs for patients with chronic low back pain: a prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study.

Several new studies have indicated that an active approach to patients with chronic disabling low back pain (LBP) seems effective. Some of these studies emphasize the importance of dealing with the patient's total situation in comprehensive multidisciplinary programs--the bio-psycho-social model. However, these programs are expensive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rehabilitation outcome from three different active programs in terms of: (1) return-to-work rate, (2) days of sick leave, (3) health-care contacts, (4) pain and disability scores, and (5) staying physically active. The subjects included 132 patients randomized to the study, of whom 123 started one of the treatment programs. They had all had at least 6 months of chronic LBP. The patients were randomized into one of three programs: group 1--a full-time, intensive 3-week multidisciplinary program, including active physical and ergonomic training and psychological pain management, followed by 1 day weekly for the subsequent 3 weeks; group 2--active physical training, twice a week for 6 weeks, for a total of 24h; group 3--psychological pain management combined with active physical training, twice a week for 6 weeks, also for a total of 24h. The results presented here are based on data collected 4 months following treatment, which shows an 86% response rate. The initial examination and the follow-up evaluation were performed by a blinded observer. The results show that 4 months after treatment, the intensive multidisciplinary program is superior to the less intensive programs in terms of return-to-work rate, health-care contacts, pain and disability scores, and staying physically active.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Absenteeism↗

PubMed1994

The prevalence of suicidal behavior among preadolescent children who are psychiatric inpatients.

The prevalence of suicidal behavior displayed by preadolescent children hospitalized on inpatient psychiatric units is estimated to range between 18% and 80% of the population. The current study provides an independent estimate of the prevalence of this problem. A semistructured interview was used to assess suicidal behavior displayed by 61 admissions to a child psychiatric inpatient unit between April 1988 and September 1989. According to the Pfeffer Spectrum of Suicidal Behavior Scale, 63% of the sample engaged in some form of suicidal behavior. Preadolescents and their parents reported similar rates of suicidal thoughts, threats and attempts. The dangerousness of recent suicidal behavior was not found to differ by age, sex, legal custody status or socioeconomic status.

Child↗

PubMed1993

The psychosocial climate of families with suicidal pre-adolescent children.

A structured interview measure of suicidal behavior and a questionnaire measure of family psychosocial climate were administered to 43 pre-adolescent psychiatric inpatients and their parents. Results showed that suicidal behavior tended to be associated with greater family conflict and with less family organization, cohesion, and achievement orientation.

Child↗

PubMed1993

Effect of formulation adjuvants on gastrointestinal absorption of leuprolide acetate.

Leuprolide acetate, [D-Leu6-desGly10]LH-RH ethylamide, a highly potent superagonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), was administered by intraduodenal (ID) injection to male castrate rats in a saline solution. Absorption was low, approximately 0.01% and 0.08% by oral (PO) and ID administration respectively, compared with intravenous (i.v.) controls. An aqueous formulation and a water in oil emulsion of a lipophilic salt, a decane sulfonic acid derivative of [D-Leu6-desGly10]LH-RH ethylamide gave ID bioavailabilities of approximately 0.2% and 1%, respectively. Evaluation of formulation effects on the oral absorption of leuprolide showed that lipophilicity, surfactant and vehicle properties significantly affected ID absorption of leuprolide. Absolute bioavailability of the drug in typical emulsion systems ranged from approximately 3 to 10% and represent an improvement of about 100 fold in gastrointestinal bioavailability of this peptide. The implications of these findings relative to the effect of formula adjuvants on oral absorption of leuprolide and other peptides following ID administration are discussed.

Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic↗

PubMed1992

The relationship of suicidality and psychiatric diagnosis in hospitalized pre-adolescent children.

Two structured interview measures of suicidal behavior were administered to 43 child psychiatric inpatients between the ages of 7 and 11 and their parents. DSM-III-R diagnoses were assigned to the children, with twenty-six Axis I and Axis II diagnostic categories represented. Generally, the interview measures of suicidal behavior were found to be unrelated to psychiatric diagnosis. The results suggest that to better understand pre-adolescent suicidal behaviors, it may be more useful to examine associations between these behaviors and the biopsychosocial dimensions that underlie the diagnostic categories.

Child↗

PubMed1992

Determination of transcription factor isoelectric point by two-dimensional native isoelectric focusing and electrophoretic mobility shift analysis.

A rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive assay is described for the determination of isoelectric points of native transcription factors derived from cell nuclei. This assay depends on a transcription factors' ability to bind DNA with high specificity and obviates the need for specific antisera or additional detection methods in identifying a particular protein following isoelectric focusing. This method has been applied to two ubiquitous proteins, the octamer transcription factor, Oct-1, and the multisubunit CCAAT box factor, NF-Y. Isoelectric points have been determined under native conditions using conventional isoelectric focusing in the first dimension, followed by binding to a specific oligonucleotide DNA probe, and separation of specific DNA/protein complexes from unbound DNA in the second dimension using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Oct-1 from HeLa cell nuclei was shown to have a pI of 9.6, while NF-Y was shown to have a pI of 4.5. This method is applicable to any transcription factor which binds DNA specifically and may be used to identify changes in surface charge characteristics which occur as a result of alternative splicing events and/or following transcription factor post-translational modification(s).

Base Sequence↗