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Biomedical subjects

E Carter

Publications and source records attributed to E Carter.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Human immunodeficiency virus neurotropism: an analysis of viral replication and cytopathicity for divergent strains in monocytes and microglia.

Productive replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in brain macrophages and microglia is a critical component of viral neuropathogenesis. However, how virus-macrophage interactions lead to neurological disease remains incompletely understood. Possibly, a differential ability of virus to replicate in brain tissue macrophages versus macrophages in other tissues underlies HIV-1 neurovirulence. To these ends, we established systems for the isolation and propagation of pure populations of human microglia and then analyzed the viral life cycles of divergent HIV-1 strains in these cells and in cultured monocytes by using identical viral inocula and indicator systems. The HIV-1 isolates included those isolated from blood, lung tissue, cerebrospinal fluids (CSF), and brain tissues of infected subjects: HIV-1(ADA) and HIV-1(89.6) (from peripheral blood mononuclear cells), HIV-1(DJV) and HIV-1(JR-FL) (from brain tissue), HIV-1(SF162) (from CSF), and HIV-1(BAL) (from lung tissue). The synthesis of viral nucleic acids and viral mRNA, cytopathicity, and release of progeny virions were assessed. A significant heterogeneity among macrophage-tropic isolates for infection of monocytes and microglia was demonstrated. Importantly, a complete analysis of the viral life cycle revealed no preferential differences in the abilities of the HIV-1 strains tested to replicate in microglia and/or monocytes. Macrophage tropism likely dictates the abilities of HIV-1 to invade, replicate, and incite disease within its microglial target cells.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1997

A review of nursing research on the use of unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP).

The increased use of unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) has raised the question: "What nursing research has been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the UAP in relation to patient outcomes?" To answer this question, the New York State Nurses Association Council on Nursing Research conducted a literature review on the issue of UAP. The specific purposes of this article are to: (a) present an overview of the health care climate and consumer and RN reaction in relation to the UAP movement, (b) summarize reported reviews of UAP research conducted between 1988 and 1994, (c) critique and synthesize the most recent UAP nursing research conducted between 1994 and 1997, and (d) make recommendations for education, practice, and research.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1996

Myocardial adaptation during and after sustained, demand-induced ischemia. Observations in closed-chest, domestic swine.

BACKGROUND: We tested the hypotheses that prolonged, demand-induced myocardial ischemia plateaus and that on relief of stress, myocardial function remains depressed, with proportionate reductions in blood flow and oxygen consumption indicative of hibernation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Closed-chest swine (n = 20) were prepared with an 80% coronary stenosis. Hemodynamics, myocardial blood flow, oxygen, and lactate metabolism were measured in group 1 (n = 9) (1) at baseline, (2) at 10 and 30 minutes of atrial pacing plus intravenous norepinephrine infusion, and (3) in 5 of 9 (group 1a) at approximately 50 minutes after stress. Group 1a had ischemia assessed with 99mTc-labeled BMS 181321. In group 2 (n = 11), myocardial function was determined with radionuclide ventriculography (n = 8), and myocardial necrosis was looked for with trichlorotetrazolium chloride staining (n = 7), histology (n = 10), and myocardial creatine kinase concentration (n = 4). Baseline stenotic-zone endocardial blood flow was reduced versus the normal zone (0.94 +/- 0.33 versus 1.38 +/- 0.27 mL.min-1.g-1, mean +/- SD; P < .05), whereas epicardial flows were comparable (1.15 +/- 0.36 versus 1.16 +/- 0.26 mL.min-1.g-1). Stenotic-zone endocardial flow was unchanged versus baseline at 10 and 30 minutes of stress, whereas epicardial flow increased (1.62 +/- 0.53 mL.min-1.g-1 at 10 minutes and 1.44 +/- 0.51 mL.min-1.g-1 at 30 minutes, both P < .05). Myocardial oxygen consumption increased versus baseline (10.8 +/- 2.9 mL.min-1.100 g-1) at 10 and 30 minutes of stress (14.9 +/- 5.2 and 13.9 +/- 4.5 mL.min-1.100 g-1, both P < .05). After stress, stenotic-zone blood flow and oxygen consumption were reduced approximately 30% (P < .01) versus baseline. In group 2, stenotic-zone contraction with stress declined versus baseline and remained depressed throughout recovery. Histological and biochemical evidence of myocardial necrosis was absent in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial ischemia induced by a sustained increase in oxygen demand may not progress to necrosis but may instead plateau. After relief of stress, myocardial function remains depressed, with a proportionate reduction in blood flow and oxygen consumption consistent with myocardial hibernation.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Influencing health care policy: nursing research and the ANA social policy statement.

This paper describes policy formation and its relationship to nursing research, examining ways in which nursing's disciplinary research can have greater influence on American health care policy. The American Nurses Association's Social Policy Statement (1995) is discussed in its role as a guide for nursing research efforts in a health care reform environment where favorable patient outcomes are key.

American Nurses' Association↗
PubMed1995

Detection of acute bacterial infection within soft tissue injuries using a 99mTc-labeled chemotactic peptide.

OBJECTIVE: Infection imaging with a 99mTc-labeled chemotactic peptide was evaluated in a rabbit model of Escherichia coli infections in burned tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The peptide was radiolabeled with 99mTc via the hydrazino nicotinamide derivative. Three groups of six animals were studied: (group A) unilateral infected burns; (group B) bilateral burns with unilateral infection; and (group C) uninfected burns. Twenty-four hours after injury, groups A and B were infected, and 8 hours later, all animals were injected with approximately 0.50 mCi of 99mTc-peptide. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In groups A and B, excellent images of the infections were obtained at 3 to 4 and 16 to 18 hours after injection of the peptide. At 3 to 4 hours after injection, the target-to-background ratios (T/B) were 3.12 +/- 0.28 for group A and 4.33 +/- 0.61 for group B (p = n.s.). At 16 to 18 hours, the T/B ratios increased significantly (p < 0.01): group A = 8.10 +/- 1.03 and B = 7.70 +/- 1.25. The T/B ratio for group C was only slightly greater than unity. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that 99mTc-labeled chemotactic peptides are effective radiopharmaceuticals for the rapid detection of focal sites of infection within thermally injured tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effects of breathing a normoxic helium mixture on exercise tolerance of patients with cystic fibrosis.

Breathing helium-oxygen (He-O2) mixtures of 20.9% O2/79.1% He has been shown to increase exercise ventilation and peak oxygen uptake in healthy subjects. The improved exercise performance is thought to be due to the reduced density of He-O2 compared to air and the resulting increases in ventilation. Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) frequently have abnormal pulmonary function test results, low exercise ventilations and diminished exercise tolerance. This led to the hypothesis that in CF the exercise tolerance of patients might improve when breathing He-O2. To test this hypothesis, 11 patients with CF or mild to severe airway obstruction performed spirometry and progressive maximal exercise tests while breathing air or He-O2. The He-O2 mixture significantly increased (P < 0.05) forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) by 8.2%, peak expired flow by 39%, and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) by 17.9% compared to air, while forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced mid-expiratory flow rate (FEF25-75%) were unchanged by breathing He-O2. Ventilation and oxygen uptake at matched submaximal power outputs were not increased while breathing He-O2, nor were peak exercise ventilation (VEpeak) or peak exercise oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Estimated hemoglobin saturation and total exercise time were also unchanged during He-O2 breathing. However, there was a trend for the subjects with the better FEV1 to increase VO2peak. Increases in VO2peak when breathing He-O2 and air were correlated (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) with the percent of predicted FEV1 values. Still, in the 11 patients as a group, breathing He-O2 did not significantly improve VO2peak, VEpeak, or exercise tolerance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Efficacy of intravenously administered theophylline in children hospitalized with severe asthma.

PURPOSE: To determine whether intravenously administered theophylline, when added to frequently nebulized albuterol and intravenously administered methylprednisolone, benefits children hospitalized with severe asthma. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, double-blind study. SETTING: Inpatient pediatric service at a tertiary-care teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-one children 5 to 18 years of age. INTERVENTIONS: All patients received 2.5 to 5.0 mg of nebulized albuterol every 20 minutes to every 6 hours, intravenously administered methylprednisolone (1 mg/kg every 6 hours), and either intravenously administered theophylline (as aminophylline) or placebo for 36 hours. Serum theophylline concentrations were maintained between 55 and 110 mumol/L (between 10 and 20 micrograms/ml) by adjusting loading doses and continuous infusion rates. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1) and clinical score were measured at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after the start of each individual study. The total number of nebulizations, total albuterol dosage, adverse effects, and duration of hospital stay were recorded. Twelve children received theophylline and nine received placebo. The two groups did not differ significantly in age, sex, or baseline FEV1. In both groups, clinical score significantly improved from baseline by 12 hours, and FEV1 by 24 hours (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the groups in FEV1 or clinical score at any of the measured time points. There were no significant differences in rate of improvement in FEV1, total number of nebulizations, total albuterol dosage, or duration of hospital stay. Adverse effects were mild and infrequent and did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Theophylline, at therapeutic concentrations, did not additionally benefit children hospitalized with severe asthma who were being treated frequently with nebulized albuterol and with methylprednisolone intravenously.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1993

Bridging the nursing research-practice gap through research utilization.

This article explores the gap that currently exists between nursing research and nursing practice. The aim is to promote the conversion of new knowledge into practical innovations. Barriers to research utilization in practice settings come from both the academic and clinical arenas. Innovative models and strategies are needed to overcome these barriers. The purposes and value of research utilization and the clinical and academic strategies that facilitate research are discussed. Supporting clinical studies are provided as exemplars.

Clinical Nursing Research↗
PubMed1992

Study to determine the correlation between condom breakage in human use and laboratory test results.

The present study examined the value of laboratory tests in predicting condom breakage for 20 lots of latex condoms which differed in age, storage history and laboratory test performance. Two-hundred-sixty-two participating U.S. couples used a total of 4589 latex condoms (mean = 229 condoms per lot, range 224-235). Breakage rates ranged from 3.5 percent for a brand new condom lot to 18.6 percent for a lot that was 81 months old at the time of the study. The statistical predictor models, separately using ultimate elongation from the tensile test, the Condom Quality Index from the airburst volume test, and the percent of condoms failing the airburst volume test as the independent variables and the condom breakage rate as the dependent variable, all appear to have a high level of accuracy in predicting condom breakage in use. The three models had correlation coefficients (R2s) of 0.81, 0.74 and 0.69, respectively. Perhaps the most unexpected result was that the age of the condom lot was the best predictor of condom breakage during use (correlation coefficient (R2) = 0.92). Although the present investigation does not provide sufficient justification to use age as the only factor for decisions on condom lot disposition, it does provide some guidance.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

What is nursing research: evolving approaches to methods and content.

In addressing what constitutes nursing research in the 1990s, approaches to conducting nursing research and examples of studies are discussed in the context of historical forces. The early studies were characteristically educational in focus and quantitative by design. Nursing research has come a long way in regard to foci of the questions asked, diversity of approaches to knowledge development, and sophistication of research methods. Three approaches are described to illustrate the diversity in nursing research: quantitative, qualitative, and triangulation.

New York↗
PubMed1991

Cognitive skills & development competencies for conducting research critiques.

As the nursing profession expands its unique scientific body of knowledge, it is essential that all professional nurses become capable of evaluating the scientific and clinical merits of this information generated by nursing research. Three developmental levels of research critique skills are delineated by the nurse reader's competencies: novice, intermediate, and advanced. Each developmental level is described in relation to five cognitive skills which underlie the proposed competencies: knowledge, comprehension, analysis, evaluation, and synthesis.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed1990

Anthropometric measurements of white and black southern adolescent girls.

Anthropometric measurements of 691 white and 550 black 12-, 14-, and 16-year-old girls from three income groups, residing in the southern United States, were evaluated, Heights, weights, mid-upper arm circumferences, and arm muscle areas of 14-year-old girls were significantly higher than those of 12-year-old girls and significantly lower than those of girls 16 years of age; triceps skinfolds, arm fat areas, and body mass indexes of 12-year-olds were significantly lower than those of older subjects. Blacks had significantly higher weights, body mass indexes, and arm muscle areas than whites. Black 12-year-old girls were significantly taller than white 12-year-old girls but significantly shorter than older girls of either race; white 16-year-old girls were significantly taller than blacks of that age. Body mass indexes of black 12-year-olds and white 14-year-olds were significantly higher than those of white 12-year-olds, and significantly lower than those of black 14- and 16-year-olds. Medium-income blacks and whites of all income levels had lower (usually significantly) weights, body mass indexes, mid-upper arm circumferences, arm muscle areas, and arm fat areas than low- and high-income blacks did. Anthropometric values of white, but not of black, girls were generally similar to those reported in surveys of primarily white girls.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

1988 Delphi survey of nursing research priorities for New York State.

In order to inform decisions about nursing research and health care policy, the Council on Nursing Research of the New York State Nurses Association (NYSNA) conducted a Delphi survey to identify the priorities for nursing research in New York state. The Delphi technique is a method of eliciting judgements from experts for the purpose of short-term forecasting and planning. The survey was conducted by mail in three rounds during 1988. Round I required participants to identify three primary research priorities for the nursing profession. In Round II participants ranked the 37 most frequently identified categories from Round I. The highest 16 categories from Round II were ranked by participants in Round III to provide the final 10 nursing research priority categories for New York state. All members of the New York State Nurses Association holding a minimum of a master's degree in nursing were invited to participate. The response rates were: Round I, 34% (N = 872); Round II, 38% (N = 985); Round III 37% (N = 974). Of the 10 nursing research priority categories identified in the final round, 5 relate to nurses, 2 relate to nursing, and 3 relate to clients. None of the high-risk conditions or populations with whom nurses work appear in the top 10, and only 2 of these are ranked in the top 15 priority categories. These priority categories will be used by the NYSNA Council on Nursing Research to influence its future agenda and activities. They can be used by the nursing profession and others for planning, policy making, and establishing nursing research funding priorities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Delphi Technique↗