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E Cifuentes

Publications and source records attributed to E Cifuentes.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Risk factors for Giardia intestinalis infection in agricultural villages practicing wastewater irrigation in Mexico.

This study assessed the risk factors for Giardia intestinalis infection in an agricultural population in Mexico. Exposure groups included 2,257 individuals from households exposed to untreated wastewater, 2,147 from a group using the effluent from a series of reservoirs, and 2,344 from rain-fed agricultural villages. Stool samples were collected from 6,748 individuals. Wastewater samples were tested for fecal coliforms/100 ml and Giardia sp. cysts/L. Untreated wastewater samples contained 10(8) fecal coliforms/100 ml and up to 300 Giardia sp. cysts/L. Hydraulic retention (3-7 months) in the reservoirs, however, provided an improved effluent quality (10(1)-10(4) fecal coloforms/100 ml and < or = 5 Giardia sp. cysts/L). Children 1-14 years of age had the highest prevalence of infection (20%). Data showed marginal associations between storing drinking water in unprotected containers and lack of facilities for feces disposal and the risk of infection (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.76 and 1.19, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] = 0.95-3.23, and 0.97-1.45, respectively). Individuals purchasing vegetables at the city market had higher rates of infection than those buying at the village shop (OR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.00-6.17). No excess risk was found in individuals exposed to untreated wastewater compared with controls (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.84-1.36); the group using reservoir water was not different from the controls (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.94-1.58). No risk from agricultural activities was detected (OR = 0.83). This pattern of infection may be addressed by primary health care and wastewater treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Health risk in agricultural villages practicing wastewater irrigation in central Mexico: perspectives for protection.

9,435 individuals participated in a cross-sectional survey in the irrigation districts of the Mezquital Valley (central Mexico). Exposure groups were: 848 households irrigating with untreated wastewater, 544 households irrigating with the effluent from a series of interconnected reservoirs, and 928 households farming with natural rainfall. The unit of analysis was the individual, and the health outcomes included diarrhoeal diseases and Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Water quality was assessed using faecal coliforms (FC) and nematode eggs, as suggested by (WHO, 1989) for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture. Children from households irrigating with untreated wastewater (10(8) FC/100 mL and 135 nematode eggs/L) had a 33% higher risk of diarrhoeal diseases and a fivefold increase in risk of A. lumbricoides infection (OR = 5.71) compared to children from the control group, farming with rainfall. The risk of A. lumbricoides infection in older individuals was even higher (OR = 13.18). The final analysis showed that drinking unboiled water and cultivating vegetables crops were both associated with a higher risk of diarrheal diseases (OR = 1.45 and 2.00); individuals infected with A. lumbricoides infection came mostly from landless households with poorer dwellings and low standards of sanitation (OR = 2.20, 2.23, 1.72 and 1.43, respectively). These results are discussed in the context of health protection measures and policy recommendations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Panorama of acute diarrhoeal diseases in Mexico.

We examined the recent panorama of ADD related deaths in Mexico in an effort to assess the overall impact of control measures that may vary in space and time. We pay particular attention to mortality rates recorded between 1985-1995, that is, before and after the cholera emergency. The aim is to focus on the social groups at risk, using time series data represented in the form of images and produced by a geographic information system (GIS). We show the potential of such methods to define populations at risk and support the decision process.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

[Relation of socioeconomic and environmental indicators to the nutritional status of preschool children in a community of Sierra Norte de Puebla, México].

A brief discussión on "the social" approach in nutritional research is presented. The relevance that socioeconomic factors have acquired in recent years for this type of studies, is also discussed. The main purpose of our communication was to identify and validate some socioeconomic and environmental indicators and their association with the nutritional status of preschool children in a Mexican indigenous community (Sierra Norte de Puebla). A total of 89 children below five years of age were studied and classified according to their nutritional status. A socioeconomic questionnaire was applied to their parents. Results revealed ample correlation between the degree of malnutrition of the preschool child and the following indicators: housing conditions, father's main occupation, land tenure, income, etc. It is argued that the analysis of these indicators is relevant, emphasizing the importance that the combination of anthropometrical, food consumption and socioeconomic data have for detecting population groups vulnerable to malnutrition. The obtention of these indicators is therefore highly recommended, but should not imply great obstacles; on the contrary, they should be highly sensitive and easy to detect.

Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1979

Polycythemia vera in a child with acute lymphocytic leukemia.

A 10-year-old boy, who had been in an uninterrupted remission of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) for six years, developed polycythemia vera (PV). One and a half months after detection of PV, he was found to have active leukemia. Both the polycythemia and leukemia receded with anti-leukemia therapy. Three possible explanations for the development of PV in a child with ALL are discussed: 1) PV was a part of his original ALL and recurred whtn patient relapsed. The PV phase was detected only during relapse because the patient was under close observation. 2) PV was a second neoplasm independent of ALL. 3) PV was part of a second leukemia which was different from the original leukemia; this new ALL was derived from a pluripotential cell line involving both erythroid and lymphoid elements. A precedent for this explanation has been observed in chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1978

Variations in globin synthesis in delta-beta-thalassaemia.

Peripheral blood globin synthesis studies were done in 11 patients with delta beta-thalassaemia trait, Hb S-delta beta-thalassaemia or delta beta/betao-thalassaemia from two black and two Caucasian families. All patients had elevated Hb F and normal or decreased Hb A2 levels and 10 had family studies confirming the diagnosis. In addition, four unrelated non-thalassaemic patients with elevated Hb F levels also had peripheral blood globin synthesis studies. The beta/alpha specific activity globin synthesis ratios in the three blacks with delta beta-thalassaemia trait were 0.60--1.04. In the four Caucasians with delta beta-thalassaemia traint, the beta/alpha ratios were 0.58--1.02. These results demonstrate a wide range of ratios overlapping those of normal controls (0.99 +/- 0.06). The betas/alpha ratios in three blacks with Hb S-delta beta-thalassaemia ranged from 0.66 to 1.00, similar to those of patients with delta beta-thalassaemia trait. In the black patient with delta beta/betao-thalassaemia, the gamma/alpha ratio was 0.67. The beta/alpha peripheral blood ratios in the four non-thalassaemia patients with elevated Hb F ranged from 1.00 to 1.11, similar to those of normal controls. These studies indicate that a decreased beta/alpha ratio is not an invariable finding in delta beta-thalassaemia in blacks or Caucasian patients and that globin synthesis data alone is insufficient to diagnose definitively heterozygotes for delta beta-thalassaemia or to distinguish this trait from non-thalassaemic haematological disorders associated with a normal percentage of Hb A2 and an elevated level of Hb F.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The risk of enteric infections associated with wastewater reuse: the effect of season and degree of storage of wastewater.

The effect of season and wastewater storage on the risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection and diarrhoeal disease associated with wastewater reuse was studied in Mexico in 1991. Data were collected from 10,489 individuals during a dry-season survey. Exposure was to untreated wastewater, or effluent from 1 reservoir (< or = 1 nematode egg/L), or no wastewater irrigation (control group). The results were compared with a previous rainy-season survey which included effluent from 2 reservoirs in series. Direct exposure to untreated wastewater was associated with an excess risk of A. lumbricoides infection in children aged < 5 years (OR = 18.0) and persons aged > 5 years (OR = 13.5) and an increased risk of diarrhoea, particularly to children aged < 5 years (OR = 1.75); effects were stronger in the dry than in the rainy season. There was also an excess risk associated with the 1-reservoir group for A. lumbricoides infection (OR = 21.2 and 9.4) and for diarrhoeal disease (OR = 1.1 and 1.5) but little excess associated with the 2-reservoirs group. Therefore, wastewater retention in 1 reservoir (quality 10(5) faecal coliforms/100 mL, < or = 1 egg/L) does not significantly reduce risks of Ascaris infection and diarrhoeal disease whereas retention in 2 reservoirs in series (quality 10(3) faecal coliforms/100 mL, no detectable eggs/L) does.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predictors of blood lead levels in agricultural villages practicing wastewater irrigation in Central Mexico.

To investigate whether the agricultural use of untreated wastewater (i.e. crop irrigation) was associated with elevated blood lead levels in a farming population in the Mezquital Valley and which risk factors, other than exposure to untreated wastewater, were associated with elevated blood lead levels, lead levels were measured in venous blood obtained from 735 individuals. Blood samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Food habits and dietary intake were gathered by interview, using a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. The average blood lead level was 7.8 microg/dL (SD 4.66 microg/dL; range 1.2-36.7 microg/dL). 23% of the study population had blood lead levels exceeding 10 microg/dL. The use of lead-glazed ceramics (LGC) was significantly associated with elevated lead levels (p = < 0.001). Other significant variables included age, gender (males), and non-farming-related occupations (e.g., technicians, factory workers). p = 0.005, 0.08, and 0.001, respectively. When the analysis was stratified by the use of LGC for food preparation, an inverse relationship between higher daily calcium intake and blood lead level was detected (beta = - 0.040, p = < 0.05). Thus, blood lead levels were positively associated with the use of LGC. Calcium intake showed a protective effect, maybe by decreasing absorption of lead in the gastrointestinal tract. No association between occupational exposure to untreated wastewater or crop consumption and blood lead levels was detected. Further environmental and health surveillance is recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recent epidemiological studies to test microbiological quality guidelines for wastewater use in agriculture and aquaculture.

BACKGROUND: New guidelines for wastewater reuse (WHO 1989) are controversial. Epidemiological studies are needed to test their validity. Cross-sectional studies of the impact of excreta use in aquaculture in Indonesia, and of wastewater use in irrigation in Mexico have been carried out. METHODS: Each study involved an exposed group using wastewater/excreta with no treatment, a control group with no wastes use, and an intermediate group, where wastewater/excreta was used but some health protection measure existed. In Mexico, the intermediate group used wastewater from a storage reservoir which met the new WHO guideline for restricted irrigation. In Indonesia, the intermediate group did not have domestic exposure to pondwater, whose quality was around forty times higher than the tentative WHO bacterial guideline for fishpond water. RESULTS: In Indonesia, the prevalence of diarrhoeal disease was low in adults, and unrelated to exposure, but high in children under 5 years. Multiple logistic regression analysis gave odds ratios of 1.4 (p = .06) for consumer exposure, 1.9 (p = .01) for recreational or occupational exposure and 1.6 (p = .01) for domestic exposure, when allowance was made for all other exposures and several confounding factors. In Mexico, preliminary analysis of the wet season data suggests that the increased risks of Ascaris infection and diarrhoeal disease from the use of raw wastewater are removed when water of WHO guideline quality from storage reservoirs is used. CONCLUSION: WHO (1989) guidelines can be tested using cross-sectional epidemiological studies which indicate that guidelines for restricted irrigation and for aquaculture may be around the right level.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health impact evaluation of wastewater use in Mexico.

Wastewater from Mexico city is used to irrigate over 85 000 hectares, mainly of fodder and cereal crops in the Mezquital Valley. A cross-sectional study method is being used to test the impact of exposure to raw wastewater and wastewater from storage reservoirs on diarrhoeal disease and parasitic infections in farmworkers and their families. The study population in the rainy season survey included 1 900 households: 680 households where the farmworker is exposed to untreated wastewater (exposed group), 520 households exposed to reservoir water (semi exposed group), and 700 households where the farmworker practices rain-fed agriculture (control group). Preliminary analysis of the data from the rainy season study (dry season study in progress) has been carried out. Current information indicates that the risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection is much higher in the exposed group than in the semi-exposed and the control groups. According to the procedures employed Entamoeba histolytica infection was more frequent in individuals aged 5 to 14 years exposed to wastewater, than in those in the control group. When diarrhoeal disease rates were analyzed, children under age 15 years from exposed households had a significantly higher prevalence than controls. The final results of this study are expected to aid decisions on low cost treatment options and other health protection measures within the National Wastewater Reuse Programme in Mexico. The implications for assessment of the WHO guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Rabies in Mexico].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiologic setting of the agricultural use of sewage: Valle del Mezquital, Mexico].

Wastewater from Mexico City is used to irrigate over 85,000 hectares mainly of fodder and cereal crops in the Mezquital Valley. A cross-sectional study method is being used to test the impact of exposure to raw wastewater and wastewater from storage reservoirs on diarrheal disease and parasitic infections in farmworkers and their families. The study population in the rainy season survey included 1,900 households: 680 households where the farmworker is exposed to untreated wastewater (exposed group), 520 households exposed to reservoir water (semiexposed group), and 700 households where the farmworker practices rain-fed agriculture (control group). Preliminary analysis of the data from the rainy season study (dry season study in progress) has been carried out. Current information indicates that the risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection is much higher in the exposed group than in the control group (95% CL = 2.9-10.8). According to the procedures employed Entamoeba histolytica infection was more frequent among subjects aged 5 to 14 years from households exposed to raw wastewater, than among subjects of the same ages belonging to the control group (95% CL = 1.07-1.72). When diarrheal disease rates were analyzed, children under 5 years from exposed households had a significantly higher prevalence than controls (95% CL = 1.03-1.64). The final results of this study are expected to aid decisions within the National Wastewater Reuse Programme in Mexico.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗