Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to E E Wagner.
The Hand Test was administered to 170 females ranging in age from 17 to 72 years to determine if specific personality traits would be significantly related to automotive moving violations. Although personality traits derived from the Hand Test were found to be associated with aggressive and directive behavior (direction, acting-out score), the relationships differed as a function of age.
Hand Test data from comparable sets of clinical samples were analyzed for reliability using the usual odd-even split and then also calculating all possible (126) split-half combinations. Maximum stable reliabilities were obtained which were substantially superior to the odd-even method. It was concluded that projective tests are probably more internally reliable than has heretofore been reported.
High correlations were obtained between WAIS and WAIS-R scores for an outpatient clinic sample tested and retested over extended periods. While the WAIS-R scores were generally lower than the WAIS values, the decrements were slight, suggesting that a previously administered WAIS can serve as a good estimate of what might be obtained from a second administration of the WAIS-R for this type of sample.
29 male and 21 female chronic undifferentiated schizophrenics were classified as aggressive or nonaggressive on items of a behaviorally anchored checklist completed by ward personnel plus adjunctive measures of behavior during institutionalization. Women were rated as significantly more aggressive than men. The women engaged in more hostile acts, destroyed more property, were more verbally abusive, and were more uncooperative with staff and other patients than men. The results are discussed in terms of possible sex differences in diagnosis, severity of symptoms, age of onset, and admission/discharge practices.
A straightforward method for dealing with the effect of response productivity when comparing individual scoring categories between groups was presented along with an example. It was contended that percentage comparisons based on group data can circumvent the reliability problems associated with percentage scores derived from single protocols. Other problems connected with ratio and percentage scores were discussed.
In clinical research, test data are often encountered where groups differ in terms of total number of responses. When this occurs, conversion of component scores into percentages of R for each individual is recommended before multivariate clustering techniques are applied. An illustration of increased prediction resulting from percentage conversions is presented and other advantages of this approach are discussed.
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The projective test literature on aging is reviewed. It was concluded that, while much critical research remains to be done and many of the studies are flawed, projective testing has contributed a great deal to the understanding of the aging process and has yielded a core of consistent findings. Suggestions for future research which would help resolve some current ambiguities were made.
When validated against a clinical sample, the Hand Test was able to differentiate between 50 brain-damaged and 50 functionally disturbed individuals with 69% accuracy. Significant variables were Description, Withdrawal, Pathology, Automatic Phrasing, Gross, Hiding, and Demonstration. The Hand Test seems to have some value for diagnosing organicity, but it should be used with caution and preferably as part of a test battery.
Women enrolled in a Beginners' Judo-jujitsu class, as compared to women in Crafts, Physical Fitness, and Advanced Judo-jujitsu classes, were found to perceive the world as more threatening as measured by word lists involving bodily concern and fearfulness and to employ exoskeletal defenses as measured by adornment on the DAP. It was suggested that the exoskeletal coping mechanism may play an important role in the way in which women defensively handle threat.
Two groups of college women were administered the Hand Test and selected scales from the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey. One group was tested in the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle (days 20-25); the other group at the beginning of the cycle (days 5-9). Significant differences were obtained, but the results did not corroborate earlier findings that negative personality characteristics are associated with the premenstrual phase of the cycle. The implications of the results and relevant methodological considerations are discussed.
Computed split-half and test-retest reliabilities for some major Hand Test scoring categories for a group of 100 Ss of mixed psychopathology. All correlations were significant; the rs ranged from "modest" to "high.' Withdrawal, the most serious of all indices of psychopathology, showed the most consistency across both split-half and test-retest formats. Results were interpreted as lending credence to Hand Test rationale. Reliabilities appear high enough to justify the clinical use of the technique.
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Two Hand Test and 18 Rorschach variables significantly differentiated two subgroups of aggressive and nonaggressive alcoholics (N = 60). The aggressive group could be characterized as hostile, impulsive, undercontrolled, undersocialized, and deficient in the capacity to pursue constructive environmental objectives. The results were largely in accord with other projective studies of known acting-out groups. The 11 predictor variables that emerged from a stepwise discriminant analysis appear to have practical value for recognizing the potential acting-out alcoholic and also provide evidence for the construct validity of the two projective tests used in this study.
Obtained substantial differentiation between brain-damaged (N = 25) and non-brain-damaged (N = 25) groups of average intelligence with the WAIS, Rorschach and Hand Test. The use of projective tests in diagnosing neurological impairment was encouraged, but it was cautioned that brain damage and IQ are heavily interrleated, sometimes in complex ways, and that reliable signs of organicity may vary with the Ss level of intelligence.
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A specific type of latent schizophrenic, the facade compulsive person, was described and illustrated. The importance of isolating this "type" in prescribing treatment procedures was noted. The usefulness of test configurations for sharpening and reformulating psychiatric nosologies was acknowledged.