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Biomedical subjects

E Eliav

Publications and source records attributed to E Eliav.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Impaired sense of taste--diagnosis and treatment].

The sense of taste has great importance in health and disease. Complaints of oral discomfort associated with taste disturbances are increasingly met in the clinical setting. Altered taste perception can result from various underlying local or systemic pathology, as well as serious sensorial syndromes. Although they are not straightforward to diagnose and manage, it is important for the clinician to understand the pathphysiology of this chemosensory system, and to be able to use objective measures in order to quantify and classify the apparent symptoms, thus making the first step to correct diagnosis and treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Nerve injury following implant placement: prevention, diagnosis and treatment modalities].

Nerve injury is a well-known complication following oral and maxillofacial surgery. Direct trauma, inflammation and infection are postoperative neural disturbances main causes. The most inflicted nerves associated with endosseous implant placement are those innervating the mandible: the inferior alveolar nerve, the mental nerve and the lingual nerve. Evaluation of the nerve injury characteristics and severity as early as possible has always imposed a great challenge for clinicians. We demonstrate a reliable yet simple way of dealing with this kind of problem in conjunction with comparing preoperative and postoperative sensation of the chin, the tongue and the lower lip. On the other hand, it is considerably important to take preventive measures for such injuries by using appropriate radiographic images. If a nerve damage has occurred, best prognosis is to be expected by early and appropriate treatment. It is imperative to treat such injuries in four months following the injury, otherwise a permanent nerve damage may occur. Further investigation of nerve damage risks following implant placement should be performed in order to enable patient to decide whether having implants dependent rehabilitation or choosing an alternative.

Cranial Nerve Injuries↗
PubMed2002

Calculation of P, T-odd effects in 205TlF including electron correlation.

A method and codes for two-step correlation calculations of heavy-atom molecules have been developed, employing the generalized relativistic effective core potential (GRECP) and relativistic coupled cluster (RCC) methods at the first step, followed by nonvariational one-center restoration of proper four-component spinors in the heavy cores. Electron correlation is included for the first time in an ab initio calculation of the interaction of the permanent P,T-odd proton electric dipole moments with the internal electromagnetic field in a molecule. Inclusion of electron correlation by GRECP/RCC has a major effect on the P,T-odd parameters of 205TlF, decreasing M by 17% and X by 22%.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

[Saliva secretion and oral health in a hospitalized geriatric population in Israel].

Saliva secretion decreases with age, although not regarded as caused solely by age. The decrease is associated among others, with diseases and medications. The aim of the study was to assess saliva secretion, dentition and oral pathologies in a hospitalized geriatric population in a genera hospital. The secretion was measured by 2 methods: saliva collection at rest and sugar cube test. 125 patients agreed to participate, with an average age of 75. They had an average of 6 diagnoses, and took 6 medications. They had 6 teeth in average, with 52% edentulous. Salivary excretion was found to be 15% low according to the saliva secretion and According to the sugar cube test, 20% suffer from xerostomia. However, no statistically significant correlations were found to age, medications, diagnoses, or number of teeth. The study population was hospitalised for short term in a general hospital, and quickly returned to the community. Therefore, we can conclude that salivary excretion is low in the geriatric population in the community, especially among those who suffer from illnesses, who need short terms hospitalization. The health care personnel should be aware of this situation and recommend saliva substitutes and stimulants.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Inflammation with no axonal damage of the rat saphenous nerve trunk induces ectopic discharge and mechanosensitivity in myelinated axons.

Inflammation along a nerve trunk with no frank axonal nerve damage produced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or Carrageenan is known to induce a painful peripheral neuropathy. In the present study, we examined the electrophysiological properties of myelinated axons (spontaneous discharge and mechanical sensitivity) at the inflamed nerve site. The rat saphenous nerves were exposed at mid-thigh level and wrapped in 2 mm wide bands of haemostatic oxidized cellulose (Oxycel) that were saturated with undiluted CFA. In the control rats the Oxycel) was saturated with saline. At postoperative days (PODs) 2-5 and 6-10, fine axon bundles were teased from the nerve, and electrophysiological recordings performed. At both time points spontaneous activity at the site of the application in CFA rats (PODs 2-5=9.9+/-2.5%: PODs 6-10=6.1+/-1.4%) was significantly higher than in the control animals (PODs 2-5=2.9+/-1.1%: PODs 6-10=1.6+/-1.4%: P=0.03, P=0.02, respectively). Mechanical sensitivity at both time points was significantly higher in CFA rats (PODs 2-5=12.6+/-3.1%: PODs 6-10=10.3+/-3.1%) than in saline rats (PODs 2-5=3.4+/-2.91%: PODs 6-10=0.8+/-1.0%: P=0.03, P=0.04, respectively). This study clearly shows that perineural inflammation with no axonal nerve damage induced by CFA application around the nerve trunk elevates spontaneous activity and induces mechanosensitivity in myelinated axons.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2001

No sympathetic nerve sprouting in rat trigeminal ganglion following painful and non-painful infraorbital nerve neuropathy.

Following sciatic nerve injury sympathetic invasion and basket formation is seen in dorsal root ganglia. We examined whether this phenomenon occurs in trigeminal ganglion (TG) following axotomy (IOAx) or chronic constriction injury to the infraorbital nerve (IOCCI). The IOCCI rats developed hyperresponsiveness to pinprick stimulation consistent with this model and the IOAx rats remained hyporesponsive for most of the study period. Immunocytochemistry employing antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase showed no sympathetic invasion or basket formation 2 and 7 weeks post surgery. This study confirms previous work that found no sympathetic invasion of TG following injury, and shows that this finding is unaffected by the presence or absence of nerve injury induced hyperresponsiveness.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Neuropeptide Y in trigeminal ganglion following chronic constriction injury of the rat infraorbital nerve: is there correlation to somatosensory parameters?

The aim of this study was to investigate neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in trigeminal ganglia following infraorbital nerve injury. Two experimental procedures were performed in three groups of rats: a unilateral chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the infraorbital nerve (n=13), nerve manipulation without CCI (n=13) and unoperated controls (n=8). All rats underwent baseline and regular assessment of mechanical withdrawal threshold (Von Frey) and reaction to pin prick as well as free behavior evaluations. CCI to the infraorbital nerve induced significant hyperalgesia and allodynia within 9-12 days. At 6 days seven rats were euthanized and trigeminal ganglia harvested for immunocytochemical (ICC) studies. The study was ended at 14 days when all rats were euthanized and their ganglia harvested for ICC and radioimmunoassay (RIA) studies. An increase in NPY levels was seen in the ipsilateral ganglia of manipulated and CCI rats at 6 days, when rats displayed no pain-related behavior. At 14 days, ICC and RIA both detected significant increases in NPY levels in the ipsilateral ganglia of CCI and manipulated rats but not in unoperated controls. The possible roles of NPY in pain modulation and nerve injury are discussed in light of these findings.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Diagnosis and treatment of strictures and kinks in salivary gland ducts.

PURPOSE: This article describes the use of sialoendoscopy for diagnosis and treatment of strictures and kinks in the major salivary glands ducts. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-four salivary glands with obstruction were diagnosed as having ductal kinks or strictures. Strictures were diagnosed by sialography and sialoendoscopy, kinks were diagnosed mainly by sialography, whereas endoscopy was used to rule out other pathology and to locate the kink. There were strictures in 25 salivary glands (14 male and 11 females; aged 25 to 60 years), 14 in the parotid and 11 in the submandibular gland, and kinks in 9 salivary glands (5 males 4 females; aged 40 to 55 years). Seven kinks were found in the submandibular gland and 2 in the parotid. Treatment of strictures was performed by dilatation procedures with saline under pressure, balloon techniques, and forced manipulation. After these procedures, a polyethylene stent was inserted for 2 weeks. Kinks were treated by advancement ductoplasty and balloon contouring to overcome the acute angle. RESULTS: Twenty of 25 cases of stricture became completely asymptomatic in a follow-up of 8 to 36 months after treatment. In 4 cases, further revisional dilatation was needed, and in 1 case treatment failed and the gland had to be removed. All 9 cases of kinks became completely asymptomatic in a follow-up of 6 to 24 months after treatment. CONCLUSION: Strictures and kinks should be considered when salivary gland obstruction is present without sialolithiasis.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Intrathecally administered cholera toxin blocks allodynia and hyperalgesia in persistent pain models.

In persistent pain, the spinal cord concentration of the opioid peptide dynorphin increases dramatically, yet the function of dynorphin remains unknown. If prodynorphin expression could be manipulated in vivo, it might be possible to determine what role dynorphin plays in persistent pain. Previous work in our laboratory showed that prodynorphin expression is regulated through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway. Therefore, we attempted to enhance prodynorphin expression in the spinal cord of rats by stimulating adenylate cyclase with cholera toxin; however, contrary to our hypothesis, intrathecally administered cholera toxin did not enhance prodynorphin expression. Rather, cholera toxin suppressed the increase in prodynorphin produced by inflammation. Cholera toxin also inhibited the allodynia and hyperalgesia associated with inflammation and nerve injury. Interestingly, the antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic actions of cholera toxin were reversed with the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone. These findings suggest that cholera toxin enhances or unmasks an endogenous opioid pathway to produce its antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects. Furthermore, these data indicate that the suppression of the inflammation-induced increase in spinal cord prodynorphin is caused by the opioid-mediated decrease in the nociceptive stimulus.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Pediatric sialolithiasis.

Pediatric sialolithiasis is a rare condition. This article characterizes 15 cases in children between 5 and 14 years of age. The diagnoses of this condition were made with routine radiograph and ultrasound, as well as with sialography whenever possible. Sialoendoscopy was performed as a diagnostic and treatment modality. Thirteen of the 15 affected children were boys, and 12 of 15 cases occurred in the submandibular gland. We were able to diagnose 67% by our imaging methods; the remainder were diagnosed by clinical examination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Actions of intrathecal diphtheria toxin-substance P fusion protein on models of persistent pain.

Substance P (SP) plays a central role in the transduction of second messenger signals from primary afferent nociceptive terminals to second-order neurons in the spinal cord. We have tested a recombinant engineered diphtheria toxin/SP fusion protein (DAB389SP) in acute and chronic pain models in the rat. DAB389SP binds to the SP receptor (SPR) and is internalized and kills SPR-expressing cells by blocking cellular protein synthesis. DAB389SP delivery was by intrathecal infusion, of varying duration, at the lumbar level. In the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain a significant reduction in mechanically induced hyperalgesia was obtained. This effect was less marked in an acute carageenan inflammation model. Although other pain characteristics (mechano-allodynia, cold-allodynia, and heat-hyperalgesia) showed some improvement, these were less pronounced. Immunocytochemistry revealed a toxin-induced reduction in lamina I, of SPR and of NMDA NR1 subunit receptor expressing neurons, and of c-Fos, an inducible molecular marker of persistent nociceptive activity. The use of cytotoxic fusion proteins to target specific cell types may be of considerable benefit in the study of nociception and the treatment of chronic pain.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

The kappa opioid agonist GR89,696 blocks hyperalgesia and allodynia in rat models of peripheral neuritis and neuropathy.

Previous work demonstrated that, in rats, intrathecal GR89696, a putative kappa-2 opioid receptor agonist, inhibited hyperalgesia to noxious heat in an inflamed hind paw (anti-hyperalgesic effect). Non-inflamed paws were not influenced by kappa-2 receptor activation. The question addressed in this study was whether GR89696 was as effective in blocking hyperalgesia and allodynia in nerve injury models as it was in the inflammation model. GR89696 (6 nmoles, i.t.) completely reversed the hyperalgesia and allodynia observed in both the neuropathy and neuritis models in all sensory tests. However, it did not alter sensory function in non-injured limbs nor in sham operated animals. Naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed the anti-hyperalgesic and anti-allodynic effects of GR89696. The mu agonist DAMGO (6 nmoles, i.t.) and the kappa-1 agonist U69593 (100 nmoles, i.t.) only partially reversed hyperalgesia and allodynia. These findings suggest that kappa-2 opioid receptors may be a useful target for the pharmacological control of hyperalgesia and allodynia.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗
PubMed1999

Neuropathic pain from an experimental neuritis of the rat sciatic nerve.

Painful peripheral neuropathies involve both axonal damage and an inflammation of the nerve. The role of the latter by itself was investigated by producing an experimental neuritis in the rat. The sciatic nerves were exposed at mid-thigh level and wrapped loosely in hemostatic oxidized cellulose (Oxycel) that on one side was saturated with an inflammatory stimulus, carrageenan (CARRA) or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), and on the other side saturated with saline. In other rats, a myositis was created by implanting Oxycel saturated with CFA into a pocket made in the biceps femoris at a position adjacent to where the nerve was treated. Pain-evoked responses from the plantar hind paws were tested before treatment and daily thereafter. Statistically significant heat- and mechano-hyperalgesia, and mechano- and cold-allodynia were present on the side of the inflamed nerve (CARRA or CFA) for 1-5 days after which responses returned to normal. There were no abnormal pain responses on the side of the saline-treated nerve, and none in the rats with the experimental myositis. The abnormal pain responses were inhibited by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade with MK-801, but were relatively resistant to the dose of morphine tested (10 mg/kg). Light microscopic examination of CARRA-treated nerves, harvested at the time of peak symptom severity, revealed that the treated region was mildly edematous and that there was an obvious endoneurial infiltration of immune cells (granulocytes and lymphocytes). There was either a complete absence of degeneration, or the degeneration of no more than a few tens of axons. Immunocytochemical staining for CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocyte markers revealed that both cell types were present in the epineurial and endoneurial compartments. The endoneurial T-cells appeared to derive from the endoneurial vasculature, rather than from migration across the nerve sheath. We conclude that a focal inflammation of the sciatic nerve produces neuropathic pain sensations in a distant region (the ipsilateral hind paw) and that this is not due to axonal damage. The neuropathic pain is specific to inflammation of the nerve because it was absent in animals with the experimental myositis and in those receiving sham-treatment. These results suggest that an acute episode of neuritis-evoked neuropathic pain may contribute to the genesis of chronically painful peripheral neuropathies, and that a chronic (or chronically recurrent) focal neuritis might produce neuropathic pain in the absence of significant (or clinically detectable) structural damage to the nerve. The model that we describe is likely to be useful in the study of the neuroimmune factors that contribute to painful peripheral neuropathies.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Central palatal burns associated with the eating of microwaved pizzas.

Burns of the oral mucosa can be caused by heat, cold, radiation, electricity and mechanical or chemical stimuli. Acids, alkalis and salts can cause considerable damage to the oral mucosa, membranes and lips. Most damage is found in the oropharynx, besides the pharynx and tonsils, the alveolar mucosa of the tongue and the masticatory mucosa of the palate or gingiva show localized or diffused damage. The clinical appearance depends on the severity of the tissue damage and the destructive properties and mode of application of the causative agent. We present an illustrative case of central palatal burn associated with the eating of microwaved pizzas and discuss similar mechanisms of injury.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A clinical evaluation of a novel liposomal carrier for acyclovir in the topical treatment of recurrent herpes labialis.

In a 2-armed, double-blind, randomized clinical study, the efficacy in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis of 5% acyclovir in a novel liposomal carrier (ethosome) was evaluated in comparison with that of a commercial 5% acyclovir cream (Zovirax cream) and that of a drug-free vehicle. Data were based on 61 herpetic episodes in 40 subjects. In a crossover arm in which the 2 active preparations were compared, the time to crusting of lesions was significantly shorter (P < .025) with the ethosomal acyclovir (1.8 days) than with the cream (3.5 days). Time to loss of crust was also significantly shorter (4.2 vs 5.9 days; P < .05). In a parallel arm in which all 3 preparations were compared, the time to crusting with the ethosomal acyclovir (1.6 days) was significantly shorter than the time with the acyclovir cream (4.3 days; P < .02) and the time with the drug-free vehicle (4.8 days; P < .005); in this arm, the shorter time to loss of crust for the ethosome (3.5 days), in comparison with the times for the cream (6.4 days) and the drug-free vehicle (6.1 days), did not reach statistical significance. Approximately 30% of all episodes treated with the ethosome were clinically abortive; this compared with 10% of those treated with the cream or the drug-free vehicle. No adverse effects were reported, other than minor burning sensations at the application site that lasted a few seconds after application and were evenly distributed between the investigated preparations. This pilot study suggests the improved clinical efficacy of the new liposomal preparation in comparison with Zovirax cream in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1997

NGF involvement in pain induced by chronic constriction injury of the rat sciatic nerve.

Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the rat sciatic nerve, which within 3 days induces thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, is used as a model for pain resulting from nerve injury. Involvement of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the development of this hyperalgesia is suggested by the increase in the level of mRNA encoding NGF in cells in the injured area and in dorsal root ganglia at the level of the lesion and the greatly increased NGF levels (determined by ELISA) in the ganglia ipsilateral to the CCI. Application of anti-serum to NGF at the site of CCI delayed the appearance of hyperalgesia, whereas pre-immune serum appeared to enhance it. These results are consistent with the view that NGF is an important factor in the appearance of hyperalgesia associated with unilateral mononeuropathy.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The analgesic effects of R(+)-WIN 55,212-2 mesylate, a high affinity cannabinoid agonist, in a rat model of neuropathic pain.

The effects of a high affinity cannabinoid receptor agonist were evaluated in rats subjected to chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) or a sham operation. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of the active, but not the inactive enantiomer, alleviated the pain behavior exhibited by CCI animals in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, at doses ranging from 0.43 to 4.3 mg/kg effects on sensitivity to a heat stimulus were observed neither in the paw contralateral to the sciatic ligation, nor in animals subjected to sham surgery. Animals subjected to CCI and treated with 4.3 mg/kg exhibited hypoalgesia in the paw ipsilateral to the ligated sciatic, i.e. heat hypoalgesia was completely reversed. The hypoalgesia is presumed to be the results of unmasking of a sensory deficit reflecting the known loss of C and A delta with CCI. Although side effects were present in some CCI animals subjected to the high dose (4.3 mg/kg), a moderate dose (2.14 mg/kg) completely alleviated the thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, and mechanical allodynia without side effects. In addition to identifying a potential drug treatment for painful neuropathy, this study suggests that changes in cannabinoid receptors occurs in nerve injured animals.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗