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Biomedical subjects

E F Scanlon

Publications and source records attributed to E F Scanlon.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Inhibition of tumor implantation at sites of trauma by Arg-Gly-Asp containing proteins and peptides.

We report on the inhibition of wound implantation by TA3Ha mammary carcinoma cells by Arg-Gly-Asp containing proteins and peptides using a hepatic wedge resection model. Intravenously injected TA3Ha cells rarely form tumor in the liver of syngeneic mice, but after hepatic wedge resection, 45% (107/240) of the mice develop tumors in the hepatic wound. Hepatic wound implantation is significantly (P = 0.01) inhibited by pretreating the cells with whole mouse plasma, but not with fibrinogen-depleted plasma or serum. Tumor inhibition is also achieved by pretreatment of cells with fibrinogen (P = 0.05-0.0004), fibronectin (P = 0.007) and laminin, but not by albumin. The active domain appears to be the RGDS sequence since the deca- and tetrapeptides containing RGDS inhibit wound implantation (P less than 0.05). However, the tetrapeptide Arg-Gly-Glu-Ser has no such activity. None of these agents affects ascites tumor formation by the intraperitoneally injected cells, suggesting that anchorage independent growth of cells is not affected. We propose that proteins and peptides containing RGD occupy the binding sites and prevent the cells from interacting with cell adhesion proteins in healing wounds. Proteins and/or peptides containing RGD may be useful for preventing local recurrence in postsurgical cancer patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Inhibition of tumor implantation at sites of trauma by plasminogen activators.

The authors report on the influence of plasminogen activators (PA) on implantation of TA3Ha mammary tumor cells in the healing hepatic wounds of syngeneic strain A mice. Intravenously injected TA3Ha cells, although they rarely metastasize to the liver, formed tumors in the hepatic wounds of a significant percent (42%, P less than 0.0001) of mice. The frequency of tumor formation declined as the interval between surgery and tumor cell inoculation was increased. Furthermore, preexposure of cells to fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, or peptides containing the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine residues dramatically reduced the frequency of tumor formation in the hepatic wounds. These results indicate that TA3Ha cells interact with fibrinogen-related proteins in the wound to aid their attachment and growth. Because these proteins are susceptible to digestion by plasmin, PA were used in this study to examine whether administration of these drugs to the mice would modulate tumor formation in the liver wounds. Among the PA tested, human plasmin B-chain-streptokinase complex (B-SK) and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) inhibited tumor implantation in a dose-related manner. Administration of 900 units (U) of B-SK or 3300 U of t-PA per mouse reduced the frequency of tumor formation from 42% to 0% (P = 0.02) and 11% (P = 0.02), respectively. The B-SK was complexed with p-nitrophenyl-p-guanidinobenzoate; it did not activate the plasminogen or inhibit tumor formation in the hepatic wounds. Although urokinase activated the plasminogen, it did not inhibit tumor implantation in the hepatic wound. Heparin, an anticoagulant that prevents conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin without being fibrinolytic, had no influence on tumor formation in the hepatic wounds. The PA can generate plasmin that digests the cell attachment proteins in wounds and consequently inhibits tumor cell attachment.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1991

The role of reconstruction in breast cancer.

Lumpectomy and irradiation is an increasingly popular treatment option for women with breast cancer. Currently, modified radical mastectomy is selected about as often. Most women choosing to have a mastectomy desire reconstruction to improve the cosmetic result; this procedure can be done immediately or at a later time. If immediate reconstruction using a plastic implant is selected, an expander can be used if the skin cover is inadequate. A myocutaneous flap can be used either immediately or later and whether sufficient skin is available. The trans rectus abdominal myocutaneous (TRAM) flap is increasingly popular because a large amount of tissue can be transferred and the cosmetic blemish from tissue transfer is preferable on the lower abdomen than elsewhere. Treatment costs are of some importance. The cheapest procedure is the modified radical mastectomy; lumpectomy with iridium implant is the most expensive, and the other treatments fall in between.

Brachytherapy↗
PubMed1990

Adjuvant systemic therapy.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed1990

Progress in the treatment of early breast cancer.

Progress has been made in the prevention and early detection of breast cancer. As a consequence, there have been changes in treatment. Mammography, the standard screening procedure, is more widely accepted so that in situ and minimal lesions are diagnosed more often. There is a trend toward evaluation of local excision or observation as the treatment for noninvasive lesions. For invasive lesions, differences of opinion persist regarding the use of lumpectomy and irradiation versus modified radical mastectomy, but increasing data are helping to put the decisions on a sounder basis. Postoperative adjuvant therapy for patients with node negative lesions is still being evaluated. Up to the present time, these changes have not had an impact on mortality, but insufficient time has passed to evaluate the results of treatment of these very early lesions.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1990

Improved detection of metastases to lymph nodes and estrogen receptor determination.

We present a new method for detection of micrometastases to axillary lymph nodes and estrogen receptor determination. Cellular suspensions from primary infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma or level I axillary lymph nodes of patients who underwent mastectomies were obtained, by loosely grinding fresh tumors or lymph nodes through a grid and then transferring the matrix to a slide using cytocentrifugation. Tumor samples were analyzed for estrogen receptor status using an immunocytochemical kit and compared with the dextran-coated charcoal method. Thirty-eight of 48 correlated (20 were estrogen positive, and 18 were estrogen negative). Seven of 46 were estrogen positive while results from the dextran-coated charcoal method were estrogen negative. One of 46 was estrogen negative, while the results from the dextran-coated charcoal method were estrogen positive. Lymph node slide preparations were stained to detect tumor cells using antikeratin monoclonal antibodies. Three of 8 node-negative patients were found to have micrometastases. Four of 15 node-positive patients had additional nodes with tumor. Our method combines the advantages of serial sectioning and immunohistochemical staining.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1990

Sodium-24 studies in postmastectomy lymphedema.

Seven patients were studied with 24Na to determine the relative disappearance time of the isotope from the postmastectomy lymphedematous arm as compared to the normal side. The results tend to confirm previously held convictions that the edema is usually confined to the subcutaneous fat and skin. The disappearance time (T1/2) of the radioactive sodium from the muscle of the edematous side was usually comparable to that of the control side. The data also indicate that the impairment of fluid drainage from other areas, such as the lateral chest wall, that normally drain into the axilla, is impaired similarly to that of the subcutaneous fat of the arm. Operative procedures designed to relieve the edema of the arm by providing an alternate route of drainage should provide a conduit for the fluid to an area that does not normally drain to the axilla of the affected side.

Drainage↗
PubMed1990

An alternative approach to nonpalpable breast biopsies.

Traditionally, when a negative specimen radiograph is obtained during biopsy of a nonpalpable breast lesion, immediate re-excision is performed in an attempt to successfully remove the lesion. Based on a retrospective study of the biopsy results of 792 nonpalpable breast lesions, the authors suggest delaying the re-excision, despite a negative specimen x-ray, until postoperative mammography confirms the persistence of the lesion. Utilization of this approach was associated with a comparably low incidence of missed lesions (3%) and had the added advantages of preserving breast tissue and decreasing operative time.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1990

Diet intervention methods to reduce fat intake: nutrient and food group composition of self-selected low-fat diets.

A multicentered pilot study was conducted to test an intervention protocol designed to reduce fat intake to 15% of energy intake. Eligible subjects were postmenopausal women with stage II breast cancer whose baseline fat intake was more than 30% of energy intake. The low-fat diet intervention protocol consisted of bi-weekly individual counseling sessions with emphasis on substitution of lower-fat foods for high-fat foods and maintenance of nutritional adequacy. Nutrient intakes were calculated from 4-day food records collected at baseline and after 3 months of diet intervention. Mean daily fat intake for the 17 patients on the low-fat diet dropped significantly from 38.4 +/- 4.3% of energy intake at baseline to 22.8 +/- 7.8% at 3 months (p less than .001). A 25% reduction in mean energy intake, from 1,840 +/- 419 kcal at baseline to 1,365 +/- 291 kcal at 3 months, was accompanied by significant increases in protein and carbohydrate as percent of energy intake. A mean weight loss of 2.8 kg and a 7.7% reduction in serum cholesterol were observed; both changes were significant at the p less than .01 level. Absolute intakes of zinc and magnesium were significantly reduced. However, mean intake on the low-fat diet for 14 vitamins and minerals, including zinc and magnesium, exceeded two-thirds of the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). When expressed as nutrient density (i.e., amount of nutrient per 1,000 kcal), increases were observed for all micronutrients. These results support the hypothesis that a nutritionally adequate low-fat diet can be successfully implemented in a highly motivated, free-living population.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

The influence of surgical trauma on experimental metastasis.

Influence of surgical trauma on experimental metastasis in healing wounds is investigated using a transplantable murine mammary carcinoma cell line, TA3Ha. Intravenous injection of 10(5), 10(6), and 2 x 10(6) TA3Ha cells into syngeneic Strain A mice led to liver or kidney tumor development in none of the 96, ten, and ten mice tested, respectively. In contrast, injection of 10(5) cells into mice immediately after hepatic wedge resection performed using milliwatt carbon dioxide laser and electrocautery resulted in tumor formation at the site of trauma in 21/37 (57%) and 25/52 (48%) mice, (P less than 0.001) respectively. Similar results were obtained in mice subjected to partial nephrectomy using the laser (nine of 18) and electrocautery (eight of 13). These results clearly demonstrate that surgical trauma renders a nonprivileged organ susceptible to experimental metastasis formation, and that at least in this model both laser and electrocautery have similar effects. Tumor cell injection 1, 7, and 10 days posthepatic surgery resulted in 36%, 20%, and 0% tumor formation, respectively, indicating that the earlier events in wound healing support tumor implantation and/or growth better than those later on. Frequency of tumor formation at sites of trauma in the peritoneum induced by scalpel blade, laser, and electrocautery were 28%, 50% and 82%, respectively. Peritoneal tumors were seen in 33% of the nonsurgical mice. Skin incisions induced with the three above probes had little influence on experimental metastasis formation. Thus the influence of trauma on tumor formation is not uniform in every organ.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Partial nephrectomy in mice with milliwatt carbon dioxide laser and its influence on experimental metastasis.

We have developed a surgical model to perform partial nephrectomy in mice using the milliwatt CO2 laser and have used this model for studying the influence of the sequel of surgery on experimental tumor metastasis. Strain A mice were subjected to partial nephrectomy using the milliwatt CO2 laser. The surgical procedure was time efficient, the blood loss was minimal, and the postoperative mortality was 6%. Immediately after surgery, the wound consisted of a superficial layer of charring and a deeper layer of thermal damage (coagulative necrosis). The wound healing was completed within 30 days and was accompanied by fibroblast infiltration and tubular regeneration but minimal inflammatory response. Seventy surgical mice were injected I.V. with TA3Ha murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells at different intervals (immediately to 30 days) after surgery. Among 38 mice inoculated with tumor cells immediately or up to 3 days after surgery, 18 (47%) showed histologically confirmed tumors at the site of surgical trauma. None of the 38 unoperated kidneys showed any evidence of tumor. This difference is statistically significant at a P value of less than 0.001. As the interval between surgery and tumor inoculation was increased to 7, 15, and 30 days, the frequency of tumor formation at the site of surgery decreased to 20% (2/10), 14% (2/14), and 0% (0/8), respectively. The results demonstrate that a) partial nephrectomy in mice is feasible with minimal mortality or apparent morbidity, b) the laser-induced surgical trauma favors implantation and growth of tumors, c) the frequency of tumor formation is related to the stage of wound healing, and d) the tumors are anatomically related to the healing wound but do not invade into the parenchymal tissue.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Unpublished Data Summaries and the design and conduct of clinical trials. The Nutrition Adjuvant Study experience and commentary.

A trend in cancer clinical investigation has been the application of new analytic techniques and reporting forums to summarize developing trial results. Examples include: Consensus Conferences, Meta-Analyses, and most recently (in the breast cancer area), the "Clinical Alert." These Unpublished Data Summaries have been widely disseminated in lay and scientific communities and have frequently engendered debate conducted in the absence of primary information. We now report the impact of this process on a national, cooperative group effort (the Nutrition Adjuvant Study [NAS] ) designed to test a novel hypothesis involving dietary fat reduction as potential adjuvant breast cancer treatment. It is clear that these Unpublished Data Summaries in the breast cancer area directly resulted in changes in the NAS protocol design and may have influenced patient accrual. The challenge for clinical investigators and governmental agencies is to integrate the positive aspects of the new information forums with those of traditional "peer-review" publication into a system where the conduct of clinical investigation in a timely manner can be facilitated.

Breast Neoplasms↗