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Biomedical subjects

E Fox

Publications and source records attributed to E Fox.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

District nursing associations and doctors: aspects of interprofessional relationships, 1902-1914.

District nursing associations' midwifery was the key to their early twentieth-century growth, which would have been impossible without doctors' co-operation. Yet doctors were reportedly hostile to district nurses in this period, and had particular reasons for resisting their midwifery. Here it is argued that the Queen's Institute's co-ordination of the associations' work, and its conduct of negotiations with the British Medical Association, promoted arrangements under which doctors were likely to gain more than they feared losing by accepting district nurses' midwifery.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1996

Concepts in evaluation applied to ethics consultation research.

Planning evaluative research requires a number of essential tasks. First, it is important to consider the underlying purpose of the evaluative effort. Next, research questions must be carefully defined. Specifically, evaluative research might examine questions of quality (including structure, process, and outcomes), access, or efficiency. Additional tasks include the enumeration of variables of interest, the selection of appropriate data collection techniques, and the creation of reliable and valid instruments. Finally, a study's research design should suit the goals of the investigation. The tasks outlined in this conceptual framework are all prerequisite to rigorous evaluative research.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1995

Characterization, expression and envelope association of a Chlamydia trachomatis 28 kDa protein.

Genital serovariants of Chlamydia trachomatis establish infection by attachment, entry and multiplication within human endometrial epithelial cells. In previous studies, a chlamydial recombinant Escherichia coli was identified which exhibited a specific adherent phenotype to endometrial epithelial cells closely resembling that observed for a genital strain of C. trachomatis. One of the plasmid-encoded products expressed by the recombinant is a 28 kDa protein. In this study, localization of the 28 kDa protein in isolated outer membranes of recombinant E. coli and in chlamydial outer membrane complexes lends support for a potential role for this protein in the attachment process. Surprisingly, nucleic acid sequence analysis reveals that the 28 kDa protein shares a modest degree of homology with a member of the E. coli heat shock protein family.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Pre-cuing target location reduces interference but not negative priming from visual distractors.

Research on visual selective attention has shown that processing of distractors can produce (1) interference with response to a concurrent target, and (2) negative priming of response to a subsequent target. These results support late-selection accounts of attention. However, recent findings demonstrate that when conditions are optimal for attentional focusing, the interference effects are almost entirely eliminated. This result has been interpreted as supporting early-selection accounts. The present study investigates the impact of focusing attention on negative priming in addition to interference effects. In a letter-identification task, reliable interference and negative priming effects were observed from distractors. However, when the location of the target in the prime display was pre-cued, interference effects were significantly reduced, but negative priming effects did not decrease. This pattern of results provides further evidence that the absence of interference is insufficient to determine whether distractors have been semantically processed (Driver & Tipper, 1989).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Midwifery in England and Wales before 1936: handywomen and doctors.

The social history of medicine incorporates a respectable body of research on maternity care in Britain, but illegal midwifery in the 1920s and 1930s remains inadequately understood. Midwives' statutory regulation began with the Midwives Act of 1902, which was implemented over the eight years to 1910. The licensing body for England and Wales was the Central Midwives Board, which enrolled midwives with approved qualifications and, initially, others who were untrained but who were accepted as having been in 'bona fide' practice before the legislation. Its effect was to prohibit midwifery by the untrained 'handywomen' on whom many poorer women had formerly relied (1). The 'bona fide' enrolments covered some such practice, but it otherwise became illegal.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1995

Medical ethics education: past, present, and future.

This paper examines undergraduate medical ethics education in the United States during its 25-year history. Included is a brief description of early efforts in medical ethics education and a discussion of the traditional model of ethics teaching, which emphasizes the knowledge and cognitive skills necessary for ethical decision making. The authors also discuss alternatives to the traditional model that focus more directly on students' personal values, attitudes, and behavior. Current areas of consensus in the field are then explored. Finally, the authors identify three incipient trends in medical ethics education--toward increased emphasis on everyday ethics, student ethics, and macroethics. Throughout the paper, examples of specific courses and curricula are used to illustrate the modes and trends described.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1994

Grapheme-phoneme correspondence in dyslexic and matched control readers.

Snowling (1980) reported that dyslexic children appear to have specific deficits in grapheme-phoneme conversion skills. Using a similar methodology, the present study compared the ability of dyslexic and control readers to make phoneme discriminations between the beginnings and ends of words. Recognition of word pairs as same or different were presented in four conditions: visual presentation-visual recognition (V-V), auditory-auditory (A-A), visual-auditory (V-A) and auditory-visual (A-V). It was found that dyslexic readers had particular difficulty with the mixed-mode conditions (V-A, A-V) which required grapheme-phoneme conversion. Furthermore, dyslexic readers were particularly error-prone in these conditions if words differed on their end-sound rather than their beginning sound.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Interference and negative priming from ignored distractors: the role of selection difficulty.

The relation between distractor interference and negative priming from identical distractors was examined in two experiments. Subjects responded to a target letter, which was indicated by an adjacent bar marker, and attempted to ignore a distracting letter. On prime trials, distracting letters were either compatible or incompatible with the target, allowing for a measure of interference. On subsequent probe trials, previously ignored distractors were sometimes presented as targets, allowing for a measure of negative priming. Reducing the spatial separation between targets and distractors on the prime trial increased the magnitude of interference and negative priming, but these effects appeared to be independent of each other (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, the prime target location was precued on some trials, but not on others. Precuing attenuated the magnitude of interference, but not that of negative priming effects. This pattern indicates that measures of negative priming and measures of distractor interference on the immediately preceding trial are independent. The results are discussed in terms of a selective inhibition model of selective attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Ethics consultants' recommendations for life-prolonging treatment of patients in a persistent vegetative state.

OBJECTIVE--Surprisingly little is known about the content of ethics consultants' recommendations. We chose to study this issue using hypothetical persistent vegetative state (PVS) cases. We addressed four questions: What recommendations do ethics consultants give regarding life-prolonging treatment (LPT) in PVS cases? To what degree is there consensus? What factors influence recommendations? Do recommendations conform to established guidelines? DESIGN--Questionnaire survey. Our questionnaire asked subjects what they would recommend for seven hypothetical vignettes involving a PVS patient that varied with respect to advance directives and family wishes. We also questioned subjects about demographic characteristics, ethics consultation experience, and personal preference for LPT in PVS. SUBJECTS--Attendees at an annual meeting of the Society for Bioethics Consultation (n = 154). RESULTS--The response rate was 77%. Eighty-one percent of respondents were ethics committee members and 62% were ethics consultants. There was general agreement among respondents for only one of seven vignettes: in the case of a PVS patient whose advance directive and family agree that LPT be stopped, 93% recommended stopping all LPT. Responses to other vignettes varied considerably. Although patient wishes were an important factor influencing recommendations, none of the respondents adhered invariably to the patient's advance directive. Recommendations were also influenced by family wishes, resource allocation considerations, legal constraints, and personal preference for LPT in PVS. Guidelines we examined were generally too equivocal to be useful for evaluating ethics consultants' recommendations. CONCLUSIONS--The finding of wide variability in ethics consultants' recommendations suggests a need to clarify standards for ethics consultation.

Coma↗
PubMed1993

Attentional bias in anxiety: selective or not?

Under certain circumstances, anxiety has been shown to be associated with a processing bias favouring threatening information. Much of the evidence has come from experiments utilising the modified Stroop colour-naming paradigm. However, the traditional Stroop stimuli does not allow for a good test of selective attention. The present study presented colour, neutral and threatening words in conditions where the distracting (word) and target (colour) information were presented: (i) together; or (ii) separately. High trait-anxious Ss took longer to colour-name threatening words than neutral words, even when the threatening material was presented outside the focus of attention. There were no differential responses to threat and neutral words for low trait-anxious Ss. High trait-anxious Ss were also distracted by separate colour words, which produced no interference for the low-anxious Ss. These results suggest that high-trait anxiety may be associated with a general inability to maintain attentional focus, rather than by an automatic attentional bias towards threatening information.

Adult↗