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E Gabriel

Publications and source records attributed to E Gabriel.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Dietary vitamin E requirement for optimum immune responses in the rat.

Supplementation of diets with vitamin E has been shown to enhance immune responses in numerous animal models. However, these experiments have not investigated the dietary requirement of vitamin E for optimal T- and B-lymphocyte mitogen responses and compared this directly with the requirement for growth, maintenance of spleen-body weight ratios, platelet count as well as prevention of myopathy and red blood cell lysis. We have found that male weanling rats maintain normal rate of growth and spleen-body weight ratio when fed purified diets containing 7.5 mg/kg vitamin E. A level of 15 mg/kg was adequate to prevent myopathy, and 50 mg/kg was necessary for the prevention of red blood cell hemolysis. The dietary requirement for optimum T- and B-lymphocyte responses to mitogens was greater than 50 mg/kg and was significantly correlated with plasma vitamin E levels over a range of 0.04-18 micrograms/ml. Thus, the requirement for this index of immune system activity was higher than for the other functional parameters of vitamin E adequacy measured. Therefore, the immune system responds to changes in dietary vitamin E well before there are signs of frank vitamin deficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

'Paranoid psychoses'. New aspects of classification and prognosis coming from the Vienna Research Group.

After a presentation of the traditional principles of diagnosis and a precise definition of terms, the Vienna approach to the classification of delusional conditions is introduced. This approach is multiaxial: the first axis consists of a classification of delusional syndromes based on a cross-sectional description of their structural and constituting elements; on the second axis, the relationship between the delusional world and the real one is described; the third axis is for the recording of delusional contents; the fourth axis serves for an attempt at etiological attribution. The Vienna approach differs principally from the usual systems of classification in that it is purely syndromatological and thus it avoids giving an a priori nosological meaning to the various symptoms making up the delusion (for example, certain delusional themes, certain forms of hallucinations). A definitive nosological diagnosis is only possible when an organic cause is clearly evident, otherwise the suffix '-morphic' (endogenomorphic-schizophrenic, endogenomorphic-cyclothymic, and organomorphic axial syndromes) is added to denote the close resemblance of clinical states to certain disorders whose nosological homogeneity should not be taken for granted. Next, the results of our own catamnestic study on a patient population selected solely on syndromatological grounds are presented. It is shown that no prognostic significance can be attributed to the delusional pictures classified according to their description (paranoic syndromes, systematic and unsystematized paraphrenia); on the other hand, such significance certainly falls to one of the axial syndromes formulated on axis 4 (the endogenomorphic-cyclothymic axial syndrome). Nevertheless, a relatively large portion of the patients eluded attribution to one of the axial syndromes, even after a course of several years. Aside from the possibility that a number of them could be so classified after further cross-sectional evaluation, one may suspect that this group contains patients whose delusional formation stems from a psychogenic etiology; or it may be that these patients represent a third illness entity, distinct from the other two groups of endogenous psychoses.

Austria↗
PubMed1986

Mood-dependent learning. I. Endogenomorphic and psychoreactive depressions--influence of positive and negative feedback on expectancy shifts.

Influenced by Seligman's definition of 'learned helplessness' we studied the change of expectancy after positive and negative reinforcement before the onset and in the course of treatment of endogenomorphic and psychoreactive depressions. Before the onset of treatment patients do not exhibit any systematic change of expectancy after positive or negative reinforcement, in the course of treatment reaction to reinforcement is demonstrable, the type of treatment administered during the observation period causes differences in behavior.

Achievement↗
PubMed1986

Results of learning experiments in the course of treatment of endogenomorphic depression. A comparison of electroconvulsive and pharmacological treatment.

In this study we attempted to break down short-term effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on memory into anterograde and retrograde amnesia, and for the latter we again separated short-term store performances from those connected with the long-term store of memory. Our experiments included complicated learning tasks. Although impairment caused by ECT was demonstrable in all three test fields, complicated conditioning experiments stored in the long-term store proved to be most sensitive to the disturbing effect of ECT.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Delusional psychoses: genetic findings as a critical variable for the validation of diagnostic criteria.

77 patients with delusional psychoses, regardless of their nosological attribution (except severe organicity), and their first-degree relatives were diagnosed with the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and the Vienna Research Criteria (VRC). The diagnostic procedure was performed blindly in the relatives. Both criteria were sufficiently capable of identifying a schizophrenic and affective subgroup of patients characterized by the appearance of homotypical secondary cases. Apart from a small RDC schizoaffective group differing in genetic pattern, there exists another large group of nonschizophrenic, nonaffective delusional disorders lacking a genetic link to the above-mentioned diagnoses. In respect to the development of the diagnostic criteria, the results of this study call for the formulation of a narrow definition of schizophrenia (as in the VRC) which is based on thought disorder and affective blunting with the exception of so-called productive symptomatology (delusions, hallucinations); separate criteria for schizoaffective disorders (as in RDC), and a broad and nonrestrictive definition for nonschizophrenic delusional disorders.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1985

Vitamin E status in preterm infants fed human milk or infant formula.

Vitamin E status was assessed in 36 infants with birth weights less than 1500 gm who were assigned randomly to receive one of three sources of nutrition: milk obtained from mothers of preterm infants (preterm milk), mature human milk, or infant formula. Infants in each dietary group were further assigned randomly to receive iron supplementation (2 mg/kg/day) beginning at 2 weeks or to receive no iron supplementation. All infants received a standard multivitamin, providing 4.1 mg alpha-tocopherol daily. Serum vitamin E concentrations at 6 weeks were significantly related both to type of milk (P less than 0.0001) and to iron supplementation (P less than 0.05). Infants fed preterm milk had significantly higher serum vitamin E levels than did infants fed mature human milk, and both groups had significantly higher levels than did those fed formula. Ratios of serum vitamin E/total lipid were also significantly greater for infants fed human milks than for those fed formula. The addition of iron to all three diets resulted in significantly lower serum vitamin E levels at 6 weeks (P less than 0.05); however, only in the group fed formula was there evidence of vitamin E deficiency. Preterm milk with routine multivitamin supplementation uniformly resulted in vitamin E sufficiency in VLBW infants whether or not iron was administered.

Dietary Fats↗
PubMed1985

The concepts of axis syndromes 1965-1983.

The first purpose of the paper is to sketch the development of the concept of axial syndromes, starting with the generation of the hypotheses in Berner's monograph on 'The paranoiac syndrome' published in 1965 and leading to the last formulation of the Viennese Research Criteria in 1983. The second purpose is to draw the attention on a series of empirical studies which have been undertaken in order to evaluate the classificatory validity of the concept, studies dealing with the long-term course of paranoid psychoses (both in a retrospective and a prospective design) and secondary cases of different diagnostic classes in the families of the same patients (first-degree relatives).

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1985

[Paranoid reactions and psychoses of the involutional age].

The first part of the paper gives a view of paranoid conditions and the criteria used for differentiation using the international classification of diseases of the world-health organisation. With this background the paranoid psychoses occurring characteristically during midlife are presented in their typical expression. In the second part using own investigations the characteristic course is presented using syndromal and course-related criteria. In the third part of the paper the relationship of this psychoses to midlife from psychological and sociological viewpoints will be addressed with the conclusion to extrapolate from the total group of paranoid psychoses. In the closing fourth part they will be mentioned as characteristic examples of a multidimensional therapeutic endeavour.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Bimodal distribution of dopamine receptor densities in brains of schizophrenics.

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia was examined by measuring the density of dopamine receptors in the postmortem brains of 81 control subjects and 59 schizophrenics from four different countries. The densities of dopamine receptors in the tissues from the schizophrenic patients had a bimodal distribution in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens. One mode occurred 25 percent above the control density, and a second mode occurred at a density 2.3 times that of the control density for all three regions. Although almost all the patients had been medicated with neuroleptics, the two modes had the same dissociation constant for the labeled ligand used, suggesting that the neuroleptic doses were similar for the two populations of schizophrenics. The results thus provide direct evidence for two distinct categories of schizophrenia.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1984

Interaction of dietary vitamin C and vitamin E on guinea pig immune responses to mitogens.

Guinea pigs were fed semipurified diets with 0.2 g/kg vitamin C and either 0, 30 or 200 mg/kg all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate or 10 mg/kg vitamin C and either 0, 30 or 200 mg/kg all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate for 4 weeks. Animals were killed, and blastogenic responses of splenocytes to T- and B-cell mitogens were measured. Both T- and B-cell responses were significantly depressed in vitamin E-deficient guinea pigs when compared to responses from guinea pigs fed diets containing vitamin E. The two dietary levels of vitamin C examined did not affect the magnitude of these responses. The higher dietary vitamin C, however, increased the vitamin E content of the lung at all levels of vitamin E intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Course and outcome of delusional psychoses.

The authors reinvestigated 84 out of a sample of 90 patients with delusional psychoses after an interval of 6-9 years. The results of the follow-up showed a pattern of episodic versus chronic course which compares to follow-up studies on classically diagnosed schizophrenias. The authors found evidence for their hypothesis concerning the nosological heterogeneity of this group of psychoses and propose a syndromatological classification apart from the delusional symptomatology itself. What they call background symptomatology was divided into axial syndromes. The authors feel that this results in subgroups that are more homogeneous for course and outcome than the usual classification systems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Strain differences in testes degeneration, myopathy, and the lymphocyte mitogen response in vitamin E-deficient rats.

The differences in sensitivity to vitamin E deficiency were examined in two genetically related inbred strains of rat, the spontaneously hypertensive rat and its genetic ancestor, the Wistar-Kyoto rat, as well as in the outbred Sprague-Dawley strain. The three strains showed differences in growth rate, myopathy, testes degeneration, and immunological responses in response to vitamin E deficiency with the spontaneously hypertensive rat showing the greatest sensitivity to the deficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of dietary level of Vitamin E on the immune system of the spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat.

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) had depressed splenic mitogen responses as well as lower splenic vitamin E when compared to normotensive Wistar Kyoto strain (WKY) rats fed a stock diet. Both strains had depressed T- and B-cell splenic mitogen responses after 17 weeks on a semipurified, vitamin E-deficient diet when compared to animals fed either stock or dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate-supplemented semipurified diet. In addition, SHR fed the vitamin E-supplemented diet had enhanced thymocyte rosetting compared to those fed the vitamin E-deficient diet. In contrast, the dietary vitamin E level did not affect the thymocyte rosetting in WKY rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The genetics of delusional psychoses.

In a genetic study of the first-degree relatives of 77 patients with delusional (paranoid) psychoses, the morbidity risks for schizophrenia, affective disorders, and atypical psychoses were evaluated using ICD-9 criteria. The prevalence of schizophrenia was 3.10 percent (4.12 percent with age correction to 40 years and 4.94 percent with age correction to age 60), which is higher than in investigations of paranoid psychoses, but lower than in studies of paranoid schizophrenia. The prevalence figure for affective disorders (age-corrected 3.04 percent for unipolar plus bipolar patients) is also intermediate to those for relatives of paranoid schizophrenics and paranoid psychotics. When the 77 index delusional patients were subdivided into axial syndromes (endogenomorphic-schizophrenic, endogenomorphic-cyclothymic, and organomorphic axial syndromes), two very homogeneous subgroups emerged. The endogenomorphic-schizophrenic subgroup showed high rates of schizophrenic secondary cases, whereas the endogenomorphic-cyclothymic subgroup showed high rates of affectively disordered secondary cases. The third organomorphic subgroup showed a high prevalence of atypical psychoses among first-degree relatives. Thirty-seven of the 77 index patients could not be assigned to any axial syndrome; their first-degree relatives had an increased prevalence of schizophrenia, but affective disorders were no more frequent than in the normal population. These data suggest that the heterogeneous group of paranoid psychoses can be meaningfully subdivided by use of axial syndromes which are viewed as representing "basic" disturbances underlying delusional symptomatology.

Adolescent↗