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Biomedical subjects

E Galloway

Publications and source records attributed to E Galloway.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

The impact of British and US guidelines for initiating combination antiretroviral therapy on estimating national treatment requirements for HIV-positive patients. Collaborating Immunologists and the Scottish HIV and AIDS Group.

This paper uses comprehensive national data on HIV positive patients in Scotland to carry out a needs assessment exercise for combination antiretroviral therapy. The objective of this study was to estimate the numbers of HIV positive patients in Scotland who would be eligible for combination antiretroviral therapy under current British and US guidelines and to demonstrate the impact of these different guidelines on the resources required. The proportion of the Scottish population that would be eligible for combination therapy ranged from 76% to 91%, under different guidelines for initiating therapy. We thus estimate that for countries such as Scotland, including western Europe and the United States, where a large proportion of the HIV population became infected in the early to mid-1980s, the majority of patients will be eligible for combination therapy, regardless of the guideline.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Behavior therapy for drug abuse: a controlled treatment outcome study.

82 Ss were studied in a comparative evaluation of a behavioral vs supportive treatment for illegal drug use. Behavioral treatment included stimulus control, urge, control, contracting/family support and competing response procedures for an average of 19 sessions. 37% of Ss in the behavioral condition were drug-free at 2 months, 54% at 6 months, and 65% at 12 months vs 20 +/- 6% for the alternative treatment during all 12 months. The behavioral treatment was more effective across sex, age, educational level, marital status and type of drug (hard-drugs, cocaine, and marijuana). Greater improvement for this condition was also noted on measures of employment/school attendance, family relationships, depression, institutionalization and alcohol use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Role of the adenylate cyclase, phosphoinositidase C and receptor tyrosyl kinase systems in the control of hepatocyte proliferation by hepatocyte growth factor.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is the most potent known mitogen for hepatocytes in primary culture. However, the mechanisms through which HGF induces hepatocyte proliferation have not been defined. Here we have investigated the role of the adenylate cyclase, phosphoinositidase C and tyrosine kinase signalling systems in the control of hepatocyte proliferation by HGF using freshly isolated or cultured adult rat hepatocytes. We show that human recombinant HGF caused a dose-dependent increase in hepatocyte DNA synthesis with a maximal effect at 10 ng/mL and an EC50 of 5.9 ng/mL. HGF had no effect on hepatocyte adenylate cyclase activity or intracellular cAMP levels. Elevation of hepatocyte cAMP levels resulted in inhibition of HGF-stimulated DNA synthesis. HGF stimulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis with a maximal effect at 25 ng/mL and potentiated the effect of vasopressin (10(-8) and 10(-9)M). HGF (100 ng/mL) caused an increase in the phosphorylation on tyrosine of an unknown hepatocyte protein with a molecular mass of 36 kDa. Thus, we have shown that HGF, like epidermal growth factor (EGF), can activate the phosphoinositidase C and tyrosine kinase systems in rat hepatocytes. As with EGF, these intracellular signalling systems may underlie HGF-induced hepatocyte proliferation.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1992

Heterogeneity of peripheral blood monocyte populations in human immunodeficiency virus-1 seropositive patients.

Monocytes from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients have an increased heterogeneity of phenotype and function. In a study of 120 HIV patients we have demonstrated that they have normal monocyte differential counts but that with progression of the disease an increasing proportion of monocytes show phenotypic and functional evidence for activation or maturation. A proportion of the monocytes are larger, with increased expression of CD11b, HLA-DR, CD45 and CD16. Concomitantly there was increased expression of TNF-alpha, high constitutive synthesis of PGE2 and high plasma IL-6 levels. This suggested that there exists a more dynamic situation of recruitment, activation and maturation of peripheral blood monocytes driven by HIV infection which results in a broader phenotypic profile.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1989

Oligoclonal immunoglobulins in HIV infection.

We tested 150 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) for the presence of oligoclonal bands in serum, prompted by reports that these abnormal proteins may have prognostic significance. Sixty HIV-negative individuals from "at-risk" groups were tested along with 80 HIV-negative, healthy blood donors for the presence of these bands. All sera were tested by isoelectric focusing, because it is more sensitive for this purpose than more-conventional electrophoretic techniques. In the HIV-positive group, 61% of the sera had oligoclonal bands; in the HIV-negative "at-risk" group, 36% had bands. No bands were detectable in sera from the healthy blood-donor group. Some patients were also followed for differing periods throughout their infection, and changes in their oligoclonal banding patterns could not be correlated with disease progression. The fact that oligoclonal bands were found to be present without HIV infection in a substantial number of individuals from within the "at-risk" groups leads us to conclude that the presence of oligoclonal bands in HIV infection is of limited prognostic significance.

HIV Seropositivity↗
PubMed1987

In vitro analysis of B lymphocyte function in uraemia.

We have investigated the immune responses in vitro of uraemic patients undergoing regular haemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Twenty-five healthy subjects were also studied as controls. In uraemic patients, the number of T and B lymphocytes were within the normal range, but proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were impaired. Spontaneous immunoglobulin plaque forming cell (PFC) responses by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from uraemic patients were significantly lower than those of healthy subjects. The PFC response of uraemic PBMC to the T cell independent polyclonal B cell activator (PBA) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was comparable to the response of the healthy subjects, indicating that uraemic B cells are still capable of synthesizing immunoglobulin. Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) induced PFC responses of uraemic PBMC were also normal, whereas the response to another T cell dependent B cell activator, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC), was very low. Addition of indomethacin to PWM- and SAC-activated cultures of uraemic PBMC enhanced the PFC response to SAC, but had little effect on the PWM response. As full differentiation of B cells in response to SAC depends on helper T cells, we conclude that a defect in T lymphocyte function accounts for the reduced spontaneous and SAC induced production of immunoglobulin by uraemic PBMC. This defect may be mediated by an indomethacin-sensitive mechanism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Anatomic and anesthetic considerations in experimental cardiopulmonary surgery in swine.

We have used immature commercial swine (13-25 kg) successfully in a variety of experimental cardiopulmonary surgical procedures in our laboratories since 1981. Multiple drug anesthetic protocols using barbiturates, narcotics, paralytic and antiarrhythmic agents have been employed in over 400 procedures per year. Complications, including fatal cardiac arrhythmias, have been greatly reduced by anesthetic protocols and surgical procedures developed through experience.

Acepromazine↗
PubMed1985

Cyclical neutropenia and T8 lymphocyte mediated stimulation of granulopoiesis.

A 33-year-old female with cyclical neutropenia and a reciprocally cycling T8 (suppressor/cytotoxic) lymphocytosis was investigated. T8 lymphocytes ranged between 1.4 and 5.6 X 10(9)/l and a significant proportion (50-75%) were preactivated (1a+). Fc gamma receptors were detected in only a minority (7-10%). Functional studies on the lymphocytes indicated that despite their phenotype, little natural killer and reduced suppressor activities were present. Anti-granulocyte antibodies were not detectable in the serum. Production of colony stimulating activity (CSA) was assessed in the patient and control subjects' lymphocytes. Using a methylcellulose marrow culture system, the CSA production by the patient's lymphocytes was markedly increased compared with the control. Monoclonal antibody cytotoxic experiments confirmed that the T8 lymphocytes were responsible. As peaks of circulating T8 lymphocytes were synchronous with granulopoietic activity in the marrow, the above findings may represent a homeostatic mechanism which is attempting to compensate for an underlying stem cell defect.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Evaluation of the human basophil degranulation test using the commercially available Baso-kit as a test of immediate-type hypersensitivity in hay-fever sufferers.

The basophil degranulation test (BDT) has failed to gain popular acceptance as a test of immediate-type hypersensitivity since its introduction in clinical medicine in 1961. Recent modification of this technique, however, seemed to have increased its reliability. We have studied a group of twenty-five hay-fever sufferers and a similar age- and sex-matched group of healthy controls to compare the sensitivity of a newly available commercial BDT kit (Baso-kit, Laboratoire des Stallergenes) with specific serum IgE levels and skin-prick tests to meadow-grass pollen. A quantitative correlation was found between the positive BDT (greater than 30% degranulation) and the skin tests, whereas only a qualitative relationship was obtained with specific IgE concentrations. The BDT also identified two subpopulations of responders and non-responders among a third group of hay-fever subjects who had previously been hyposensitized to mixed grass pollen. We conclude that the modified BDT provides a worthwhile addition to the in vitro testing of immediate-type hypersensitivity states.

Basophils↗
PubMed1983

Information providers and videodisc/optical disk technology.

Although industrial and consumer videodisc technology has been available since 1978, information providers are now just beginning to explore the possibilities of using videodisc and optical disk technology as publishing media. Firms involved in the design, development, and delivery of information products and services are looking at these technologies as new business opportunities and distribution channels. The areas in which information providers are using videodisc and optical disk technology are covered briefly.

Information Systems↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Autoperfused working heart-lung preparation versus hypothermic cardiopulmonary preservation for transplantation.

The effects of preserving the heart and lungs with an autoperfused working heart-lung preparation or simple hypothermia via cardiopulmonary bypass were studied in 18 dairy calves that had combined heart-lung transplantation. Group 1 (n = 6) served as the control group in which animals were cooled with cardiopulmonary bypass and immediately had allotransplantations. In group 2 (n = 6), cardiopulmonary function was maintained in the autoperfusion circuit for 4 hours, followed by transplantation. In group 3 (n = 6), the organs were harvested after cooling by cardiopulmonary bypass, stored in cold (4 degrees C) saline solution for 4 hours, and then transplanted. Cardiopulmonary function was compared between the three groups for 6 hours after implantation. Cardiac function was determined by the ratio of the end-systolic pressure to end-systolic dimension. Pulmonary function was evaluated by the measurement of extravascular lung water, arterial oxygenation on 100% inspired oxygen static lung compliance, and histologic lung injury score. All measurements in groups 2 and 3 were similar to those of the control group at 6 hours after implantation. One may use either the hypothermic cardiopulmonary preservation method after cardiopulmonary bypass or the autoperfused working heart-lung preparation for distant organ procurement and expect adequate cardiopulmonary function after transplantation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improved myocardial and pulmonary preservation by metabolic substrate enhancement in the autoperfused working heart-lung preparation.

The autoperfused working heart-lung (AWHL) preparation may provide successful cardiopulmonary preservation for up to 6 hours before transplantation. To determine whether the addition of metabolic substrate could prolong myocardial and pulmonary preservation in the AWHL model, 20 heart-lung blocks were harvested from calves. The brachiocephalic artery and superior vena cava were cannulated with extracorporeal tubing and connected to an elevated reservoir allowing total perfusion through a normothermic autoperfusion circuit. Eight heart-lung blocks were given dextrose and ribose followed by a continuous dextrose-insulin infusion, whereas the remaining 12 specimens received no additional substrates. Myocardial function was assessed by sonomicrometric techniques and pulmonary preservation evaluated by arterial oxygenation on 100% inspired oxygen, static lung compliance, and serial lung biopsies. The addition of substrate prolonged organ survival from 5 +/- 1 to 12 +/- 3 hours (p less than 0.001) and was associated with preservation of myocardial and pulmonary function. Application of substrate addition to the AWHL model will extend the interval of preservation for both heart and heart-lung transplantation.

Animals↗