Prevention and early detection of lung cancer-clinical aspects.
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Humans↗
Biomedical subjects
E Gritz
Publications and source records attributed to E Gritz.
Smoking cessation. 2: Components of effective intervention.
Smoking cessation treatment is an essential component of comprehensive healthcare, but many healthcare providers lack formal training and are hesitant to provide such intervention. The recently published US Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline provided empirically based recommendations to address these issues. The most effective components of smoking cessation include the use of nicotine replacement therapy, provider support and encouragement, and training in such skills as problem solving and coping. Methods of using these recommendations are illustrated, and sample scripts are offered to serve as references for providers from various disciplines who conduct smoking cessation interventions.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Current approaches in smoking cessation.
This review highlights the necessity of smoking cessation as a cornerstone of cancer prevention. We briefly review the literature linking smoking to various forms of cancer, the benefits of smoking cessation for cancer patients, and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline. Also provided is an update on controlled smoking cessation studies published between March 1995 and February 1996.
Antidepressive Agents↗
Psychosocial outcomes of cancer: a comparative analysis of Hodgkin's disease and testicular cancer.
PURPOSE: The psychosocial outcomes of testicular cancer and Hodgkin's disease were compared to test our hypotheses that more specific dysfunction and less hiding of symptoms would be found in the former group, as cancer visibly affects a sexual organ. Since those with Hodgkin's disease could more easily deny the disease, poorer psychosocial adjustment was predicted. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The sample consists of 85 men with Hodgkin's disease and 88 men with testicular cancer (seminomatous, n = 39; or nonseminomatous, n = 49). They were interviewed once, at least 1 year following the end of treatment. Measures of sociodemographic characteristics, physical functioning, psychologic distress, and social outcomes were collected. Treatment data were collected from medical records. RESULTS: Men with testicular cancer report more focused symptoms: less sexual enjoyment and poor health habits. Men with Hodgkin's disease report more generalized symptoms: fatigue, energy loss, and work impairment. Multivariate analysis indicates that most of these differences are site-related; independent effects of treatment on outcomes were found for more generalized symptoms. Contrary to expectations, both groups reported similar levels of infertility and erectile dysfunction. CONCLUSION: The response to testicular cancer is site-specific, while the response to Hodgkin's disease is related to both site and treatment (stage-related).
Activities of Daily Living↗
Chronic nicotine and withdrawal effects on radial-arm maze performance in rats.
Rats were tested for choice accuracy in an eight-arm radial maze during and after chronic administration of nicotine via subcutaneously implanted glass and Silastic capsules. Nicotine administration significantly improved choice accuracy relative to controls. The effect gradually became apparent over the first 2 weeks of exposure and persisted through the third week. Surprisingly, the significant facilitation of the nicotine-treated rats relative to controls continued for 2 weeks after the end of nicotine administration. No effects of nicotine were seen on choice latency or the strategy to make adjacent arm entries.
Animals↗
Behavioral effects of acute hexamethonium in rats chronically intoxicated with nicotine.
To investigate the effects of chronic nicotine administration on feeding behavior, hexamethonium, a nicotinic blocker with mainly peripheral actions, was acutely given to rats during and after chronic nicotine administration. Nicotine decreased both the time spent investigating the food and the amount of food consumed. It also decreased the time spent rearing and grooming and increased the time spent resting. These behaviors returned to control levels after nicotine withdrawal. During nicotine administration, 10 mg/kg of hexamethonium increased the amount of time the nicotine-treated rats spent investigating the food but did not change the amount of food actually eaten. These data show that predominantly peripheral nicotinic blockade can partially alleviate the effects of chronic nicotine administration of feeding behavior, suggesting that at least some of the effects of nicotine on feeding are peripheral. The finding that the investigational and consummatory aspects of feeding behavior can be pharmacologically differentiated implies that some aspects of their neural control may be distinct.
Animals↗
Biochemical characterization of the products of the Adh loci of Drosophila mojavensis.
The electrophoretic pattern of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) of Drosophila mojavensis is composed of multiple bands. In previous studies from this laboratory we suggested on the basis of genetic evidence that multiple ADH bands were due to the presence of a gene duplication. In the studies presented here, this hypothesis is supported by data derived from comparing the protein biochemistry of each ADH. Three forms of D. mojavensis ADH have been isolated. These are the ADH-1 homodimer, the ADH-2 homodimer, and the ADH-1 ADH-2 interlocus heterodimer. Each of these isozymes has a native molecular weight of approximately 50,000. Each native molecule is composed of two subunits of identical size, 24,000 daltons. The native molecules differ slightly in their isoelectric points. Thermal denaturation also reveals that ADH-1 and ADH-2 are slightly different, ADH-1 being somewhat more thermostable. The interlocus heterodimer has properties intermediate between those of ADH-1 and those of ADH-2. Kinetic comparison also indicates a similarity among the three isozymes. ADH-2 is somewhat better at oxidizing ethanol relative to 2-propanol as compared to ADH-1. All of our studies support the general conclusion that the isozymes of ADH found in D. mojavensis are similar to one another and to other ADH from other species of Drosophila. This supports our hypothesis that multiple bands of ADH in D. mojavensis reflect the presence of a duplication of the Adh locus in that species.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
Nicotine from cigarette smoking increases circulating levels of cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin in male chronic smokers.
Results of this study indicate that nicotine from cigarette smoking increases circulating levels of cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin in male chronic smokers. Previous studies have not addressed the question of whether the stimulus for smoking-related hormone release is the 'stress' of smoking or a pharmacologic action of nicotine and other tobacco substrates. Nicotine exposure is controlled in this study by allowing each subject to smoke only two 2.0 mg nicotine cigarettes during one experimental session and two 0.2 mg nicotine cigarettes in another session. Plasma levels of cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin for the higher nicotine session were found to be significantly elevated over those for the low-nicotine session, indicating that nicotine itself plays a predominate role in smoking-induced hormone increases. All hormone levels for the 2.0 mg nicotine session had not returned to baseline 60 min after smoking.
Adult↗