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Biomedical subjects

E Grunert

Publications and source records attributed to E Grunert.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

[The problems of the success of afterbirth removal in cattle. Expert veterinary opinion].

If a severe uterine inflammation is diagnosed 15 days post partum in a cow with retained placenta by clinical examination, it has to be assumed that this inflammation was already manifest two days before (in the discussed case at the time of purchase). By an external examination of the animal this genital inflammation cannot be seen, if there is no vaginal discharge or dried uterine fluids at the tail and around the vulva. The inflammation is the consequence of the placental retention, even if there has been veterinary assistance (manual removal of the retained placenta, antibiotic treatment of the uterus) in time. After manual removal of the placenta, part of it is normally left in the tips of the uterine horns; they cannot be reached by the veterinarian's hand. Even by additional means - like application of oxytocin, lifting the abdomen of the cow with the aid of a plank or trying to invert the tip of the uterine horn - the fetal membranes cannot always be totally removed. The statement that the placenta has been totally removed, is correct only if the end of the chorionic membranes could be clearly identified. Each placental retention in cattle carries the risk of reduced fertility. If a cow is sold a few days post partum, this defect, which can reduce the animal's breeding value, may be unnoticed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Follicular size and steroid secretion of dominant bovine follicles.

Twenty one estrogen-active bovine follicles obtained in the preovulatory period prior to the endogenous LH peak were superfused for 10h. Follicular diameter and superfusate estradiol (E2), testosterone (T) and progesterone (P4) were measured. A close correlation between follicle size and E2 secreted into the superfusate was found (r = 0.77; p less than 0.01). There was no correlation between superfusate T or P4 and follicular diameter. These data indicate that within certain limits the amount of E2 secreted can be predicted by follicle size in an in vitro superfusion system. As follicle size correlates closely with granulosa cell number in estrogen-active follicles, one can speculate that the rise in estrogen secretion is a reflection of an increase in granulosa cell number of the dominant bovine follicle. The application of these in vitro findings to the in vivo situation might help in the interpretation of the quality of ovarian stimulation with hMG/hCG.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Postpartum adrenocortical function in dairy cows with dystocia submitted to cesarean section.

The effects of the stress of dystocia on the adrenocortical function post partum in cows (n=6) requiring a cesarean section were assessed by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test. Nine cows that calved normally were used as controls. The plasma glucocorticoid levels, before and 60 min after an intramuscular injection of 25 IU ACTH, were 4.4+/-0.5 (mean+/-SD) and 21.5+/-2.4 ng/ml 1 d post partum, 1.9+/-0.3 and 18.4+/-2.9 ng/ml 4 d post partum and 2.7+/-1.1 and 14.6+/-3.3 ng/ml 8 d post partum, respectively. Corresponding values of glucocorticoids in cows with normal calving were 4.5+/-3.6 and 18.1+/-5.2 ng/ml 1 d post partum, 1.7+/-1.3 and 13.2+/-5.5 ng/ml 4 d post partum and 1.9+/-1.7 and 14.6+/-3.3 ng/ml 8 d post partum. There were no statistically significant differences of the values between cows with dystocia requiring a cesarean section and cows with normal calving. The results indicate that dystocia requiring a cesarean section like normal calving does not lead to significant depression of the adrenocortical function post partum.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

The role of endogenous estrogens in the maturation process of the bovine placenta.

The plasma estrogen and progesterone concentrations of 19 pregnant cows (average duration of pregnancy 266.0 +/- 2.3 d at the start of the study) were determined daily from Day 6 pre partum to Day 1 post partum. Parturition was induced in all cows by administration of 10 mg i.m. flumethasone. Values were centered around the delivery date (Day 0) following either induced normal calving (n = 3) or surgical delivery (n = 16). In animals showing spontaneous expulsion of the fetal membranes (Group 1, n = 6) the average total estrogen concentration increased significantly from Day 6 until Day 1 before parturition (1329.2 +/- 317.9 to 3719.8 +/- 951.2 pg/ml in total estrogens). A marked decrease was observed on Day 1 post partum (459.4 +/- 344.2 pg/ml). In comparison with Group 1, animals showing either a delayed or partial expulsion of the fetal membranes, or in which the placenta could be withdrawn 16 h after calving (Group 2, n = 5), had consistently lower total estrogen concentrations between Day 6 (595.4 +/- 174.8 pg/ml) and Day 1 (1884.3 +/- 565.1 pg/ml) before parturition. The estrogen values of the cows with retained placenta (Group 3, n = 8) from Days 6 to 0 pre partum were significantly lower than those of Group 2. Total estrogen concentrations of the three groups 1 d post partum did not differ significantly. It is generally recognized that estrogens play an important role in the maturation process of the placentomes. Our investigation demonstrates that not only is the magnitude of the prepartum rise in estrogens of great influence of the maturation process but the duration of this rise is likewise important. These two factors are vital for a normal expulsion of the fetal membranes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Is follicular fluid steroid content representative of follicular steroid secretion?

Nine oestrogen-active (E-A) and seven oestrogen-inactive (E-I) bovine follicles were superfused for 10 h. Levels of oestradiol (E2), testosterone (T) and progesterone (P4) were measured in superfusate and follicular fluid. No correlation between intrafollicular steroid concentrations of E2, T and P4 and the amount of these steroids detected in the superfusate was found in oestrogen-active follicles, i.e. follicular fluid E2, T or P4 levels did not allow for any prediction of superfusate E2, T and P4 concentrations and vice versa. In contrast, E-I follicles showed a close correlation between intrafollicular and superfusate T and P, but not E2 levels. It is speculated that an alteration in intrafollicular regulatory mechanisms might explain the different findings for these two classes of follicles.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Physiological coagulation profile of dairy cattle.

90 clinically healthy cattle with a normal estrus cycle (German Black Pied) were investigated. Normal values for the physiological coagulation profile including prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and fibrinogen concentration were determined. The following ranges of normal values (means +/- 2SD) were calculated: prothrombin time (PT) 20.1-30.1 seconds; partial thromboplastin time (PTT) 25.3-44.5 seconds; thrombin time (TT) 12.4-17.2 seconds, and fibrinogen concentration 125-697 mg/dl. During the day and day to day variations in the individual parameters of the coagulation profile were not observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Biochemical parameters in various sections of bovine corpora lutea graviditatis during the course of pregnancy.

The enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPO) with cumenehydroperoxide (cumene-OOH) and H2O2 as substrates, glutathione-S-transferase (GSH-S-T) with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrate, phosphofructokinase (PFK) and succinate dehydrogenase (SuDH) were determined for months 1 through 9 of pregnancy in the basal and peripheral sections of the corpora lutea graviditatis of Holstein-Frisean cows. The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) was simultaneously measured in these tissue sections. Substantial topographical differences were apparent in the enzyme activities. GPO and GSH-S-T showed activity differences during the course of pregnancy. During the 2nd month of pregnancy, minimal values for the activity of cytoplasmic GPO were observed in the basal areas. The cytoplasmic GPO in the peripheral areas displayed a contrasting dynamic with maximal values during the 6th month. GSH-S-T activities in basal and peripheral tissues appeared similar. GPO activities with H2O2 as substrate, likewise, displayed similar courses of activity in both tissue localizations. SuDH was more active in the peripheral than in the basal area. The activity of PFK displayed just the reverse course. The concentration of GSH in the peripheral area was not higher than in basal area.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Creatinine, urea and mineral levels during the first week of life in healthy premature calves and calves with a delayed asphyxia syndrome].

The physical condition of 44 calves delivered by caesarean section before term was monitored by clinical and repeated laboratory examinations (analysis of creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, chloride, and inorganic phosphorus) during the first seven days of life. The newborns were divided into two groups based on the clinical observations during the first hour of life, the blood pH and the base deficit: Group 1: 30 calves without respiratory distress syndrome (vital, non asphyxial); they did not develop any diseases in the course of the experiment. Group 2: 14 calves with respiratory distress syndrome (asphyxial); 9 of these animals died in the course of the experiment. The analysis of the parameters creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, chloride, and inorganic phosphorus did not reveal any disturbance in kidney function in vital or in asphyxial prematurely born calves. All findings corresponded to those in calves born at term. So these parameters are not very meaningful in relation to metabolic disorders in respiratory distress syndrome.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Comparison of arterial and venous blood gas and acid-base values in prematurely born healthy calves or calves with a late asphyxia].

The arterial and venous blood gas and acid-base values of 44 calves delivered by caesarean section before term were examined during the first seven days of life. The newborns were divided into two groups based on clinical observations during the first hour of life, the blood pH and the base deficit: Group 1: 30 calves without respiratory distress syndrome (vital, non-asphyxial); they did not develop any diseases in the course of the experiment. Group 2: 14 calves with respiratory distress syndrome (asphyxial); 9 of these animals died in the course of the experiment. The blood gas and acid-base parameters (blood pH, base deficit, pCO2, pO2) measured in venous blood of the calves without respiratory distress syndrome (group 1) were similar to those cited in the literature for calves delivered at term. Among the calves that had survived respiratory distress syndrome, significantly decreased blood pH and increased base deficit values were found in both venous and arterial blood even on the third day after birth. Differences in pCO2 and pO2 were, however, no longer statistically significant between the two groups after 24 hours of life. For blood pH, base deficit, and pCO2 significant correlations were consistently found between the values in venous blood and the corresponding values in arterial blood in vital (non-asphyxial) calves. Due to the considerably smaller number of animals significant correlations between these parameters were less frequent in asphyxial calves, although some of the correlation coefficients were higher than in the vital calves. Experimentally induced influences and animal variation made the corresponding pO2-values of venous and arterial blood in both test groups less unequivocal. The analysis of arterial blood gas and acid-base parameters was not more conclusive than the analysis of venous blood regarding diagnosis and prognosis of respiratory distress syndrome. The blood pH and base deficit seemed to be the most suitable parameters to evaluate the severeness of the disease.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1989

[AST, GLDH, gamma-GT, total bilirubin and CK values during the first week of life in healthy premature calves or calves with a late asphyxia syndrome].

The physical condition of 44 calves delivered by caesarean section before term was monitored by clinical and repeated laboratory examinations (analysis of AST, GLDH, gamma-GT, CPK, total bilirubin) during the first seven days of life. The newborns were divided into two groups based on the clinical observations during the first hour of life, the blood pH and the base deficit: Group 1: 30 calves without respiratory distress syndrome (vital, non asphyxial); they did not develop any diseases in the course of the experiment. Group 2: 14 calves with respiratory distress syndrome (asphyxial; 9 of these animals died in the course of the experiment. No significant differences between the vital and asphyxial calves were found in respect to the enzymes AST, GLDH, gamma-GT, CK as well as total bilirubin values measured during the first week of life. These blood parameters were within the normal range for calves delivered at term. The results do not indicate any disorder in liver and muscle functions in prematurely born calves with or without respiratory distress syndrome.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A quantitative histochemical study of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities in the bovine corpus luteum of pregnancy.

In corpora lutea of pregnancy of dairy cows delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase were demonstrated histochemically and evaluated densitometrically. Serum progesterone was determined radioimmunologically. Activities per volume unit of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in large and small luteal cells as well as progesterone concentrations, exhibited no typical and correlated pattern during pregnancy. Large luteal cells in regressive tissue regions showed weaker delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities than in maturing or well-developed tissue regions. Succinate dehydrogenase activities of small luteal cells were highest in regressive luteal tissue. The results indicate that structural development of bovine luteal tissue during pregnancy is reflected by corresponding enzyme activities.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1989

[Total estrogen concentrations in the blood plasma of calves during the first six days of life].

From 47 mature calves ten blood samples were taken during the first six days of life for determination of total estrogen concentrations. Immediately postnatal concentration of total estrogens in blood plasma was high (1093.2 +/- 452.5 pg/ml blood plasma). Total estrogen values increased towards the sixth hour of life (1789.0 +/- 892.2 pg/ml blood plasma), which is thought to be caused by reabsorption of estrogens released from intracorporeal reservoirs. Towards the 48th hour of life total estrogen values decreased. This decrease indicates a progressive depletion of the reservoirs and also metabolisation and elimination of estrogens by the organism. The fact that total estrogens were nearly unchanged from the 4th day of life onwards reveals the approximative completed elimination of estrogens. At no time significant differences of total estrogen concentrations in blood plasma were found between female and male newborn calves.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Changes in the blood coagulation potential of premature calves with and without respiratory distress syndrome].

In 46 newborn calves with and without respiratory distress syndrome which had been delivered prematurely by caesarean section a blood coagulation profile was established. These animals were compared with 26 healthy, 5- to 8-day-old calves. Prematurely delivered calves showed a lower average plasma fibrinogen concentration than animals delivered in due time. Calves which developed a respiratory distress syndrome had a slightly prolonged prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time as well as a lower antithrombin III activity already immediately postnatum compared with healthy prematures and some-day-old calves. It has to be assumed that in calves with respiratory distress syndrome--in analogy to pulmonary immaturity--the blood clotting mechanism is not yet fully developed. In healthy prematures and surviving asphyctic calves hemostasis remains largely stable during the first day of life, whereas plasma fibrinogen concentration increases. In the calves not surviving the examination period prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time postnatum became significantly longer. Only in these severely asphyctic calves the presence of a consumption coagulopathy seems likely. A secondary reactive fibrinolysis was not observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the bovine corpus luteum of estrous cycle: a quantitative histochemical study.

Genital organs and blood were obtained from dairy cows at a local abattoir. 3 recently ovulated follicles and 20 corpora lutea of estrous cycle (CLC) were used for the quantitative enzyme histochemical demonstration of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-OHSDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity, employing a computerized microscope photometer. Progesterone was determined in blood serum by radioimmunoassay. Luteal tissue was grouped into several stages of development according to micromorphological criteria. Activities per volume unit of 3 beta-OHSDH and SDH in large luteal cells (LLC), as well as in small luteal cells (SLC), and luteal tissue (LT), relative amounts of the 3 beta-OHSDH-positive tissue fraction (PLCC), and progesterone concentrations in blood serum exhibited a significant pattern corresponding to the morphological development of the endocrine gland. G-6-PDH showed an increase in activity per volume unit during tissue development lasting until the beginning of regressive changes, and as significant in LLC and LT. Activities per volume unit of 3 beta-OHSDH (p less than or equal to 0.001) and SDH (p less than or equal to 0.01) were higher in LLC than in SLC, indicating superior steroidogenic capacities, while G-6-PDH activity was distinctly higher in the latter (p less than or equal to 0.001). Almost all parameters tested were correlated positively. 3 beta-OHSDH and SDH exhibited a significantly positive correlation in LLC (p less than or equal to 0.01) and LT (p less than or equal to 0.001) during periods of measureable progesterone secretion. In SLC this correlation was nonsignificant (p greater than 0.05). G-6-PDH showed a relative poor correlation to 3 beta-OHSDH (LLC, p less than or equal to 0.05; LT, p less than or equal to 0.01) and SDH (LT, p less than or equal to 0.05). Enzyme activities in LLC as well as in SLC were generally positively correlated (p less than or equal to 0.001). All enzymes tested exhibited a significantly positive correlation with progesterone concentrations in blood serum. This was significant for SDH only during measurable progesterone secretion, and less marked for G-6-PDH.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗