Segmental testicular infarction due to sickle cell disease.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
E H Landau
Publications and source records attributed to E H Landau.
The supracostal percutaneous nephrostomy for treatment of staghorn and complex kidney stones.
From March 1995 to May 1997, 104 patients underwent 115 supracostal percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) procedures for the treatment of 102 complete staghorn calculi, 6 large semistaghorn calculi, 3 large upper-caliceal stones, and 4 significant volumes of residual stone fragments after SWL. Additional renal access was required mainly for complete staghorn stones (23 patients; 20%). Extracor poreal lithotripsy was performed in 30.4% of cases, and second-look PCNL was done in 15.6%. The stone-free rate was 87%, and the infection-free rate at 7 to 33 months was 88.5%. Among 115 supracostal PCNL procedures, complications were encountered in 10 (8.7%). These problems included four large pleural effusions that were drained by chest tube in three patients and by repeated thoracocentesis in one patient. Six patients developed significant atelectasis, which was treated by vigorous physiotherapy in five and flexible bronchoscopy in one. We conclude that the supracostal approach provides direct and optimal access to most staghorn calculi with an excellent stone-free rate. The advantages of this approach can be achieved with a slight and acceptable increase in morbidity.
Adolescent↗
The Stamey procedure for stress incontinence: long-term results.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term results of the Stamey vesicourethral suspension for stress urinary incontinence. METHODS: A total of 72 case records of women who underwent the Stamey procedure in the years 1985-1991 was reviewed. Every patient had a full preoperative evaluation including filling cystometry, urethral pressure profilometry and imaging of the kidneys and bladder. The long-term subjective results were determined by a telephone interview with the patients, utilizing a standard questionnaire. A successful result was defined as no need for pads under any circumstances. Every patient who reported on persistent or recurrent incontinence was requested to return for reevaluation in the urology clinic. RESULTS: The long-term success rate of the Stamey procedure in 63 evaluable patients was 69.8% (mean follow-up: 90 months). In 19 women, the operation had failed. About 80% of the failures were evident within 2 years after surgery. The long-term success rate of surgery in 28 women with pure stress incontinence was 93%. When mild irritative symptoms were present before surgery (29 patients) the subjective success rate was 65.5%, and in 6 patients with severe urge symptoms the success rate was only 33%. The difference between these groups was highly significant (p = 0.003). No correlation was found between the age of the patient at surgery, the number of children delivered by the patient, the grade of stress incontinence, the duration of symptoms before surgery or a history of a previous operation for stress incontinence and the success rate of the operation. CONCLUSIONS: The Stamey vesicourethral suspension is characterized by a relatively high and long-standing success rate. This procedure has an important place in the treatment of women with urinary stress incontinence.
Adult↗
Complete staghorn calculi: random prospective comparison between extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy and combined with percutaneous nephrostolithotomy.
PURPOSE: We determined the preferred treatment of staghorn calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1992 and December 1994 we performed a prospective, randomized, single center study involving 50 kidneys with complete staghorn calculi: 27 renal units were treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) monotherapy (group 1) and 23 were treated with combined (initial) percutaneous nephrostolithotomy with ESWL (group 2). The 2 treatment groups were compared regarding stone size, grade of collecting system dilatation and urine culture at presentation. The number of treatment sessions, narcotic doses, renal colic episodes, septic complications, unplanned ancillary procedures, length of hospitalization, total treatment duration and stone-free rate at 6 months were recorded and compared. RESULTS: At the conclusion of therapy the stone-free rate was significantly greater in group 2 than in group 1 (74 versus 22%, respectively, p = 0.0005). The complication rate was significantly greater in group 1, with 15 septic complications (fever greater than 38.5C for longer than 3 days) in 10 patients compared to only 2 episodes in group 2 (p = 0.007). The unplanned ancillary procedure rate was significantly greater in group 1 (8 procedures in 7 patients versus 1 procedure in group 2, p = 0.03). The overall treatment length was significantly shorter in group 2 (1 versus 6 months, p = 0.0006). There was no significant difference in the number of procedures performed with anesthesia or in the number of hospitalization days between the 2 treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Combined percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and ESWL should be recommended as the first line treatment choice for most patients with staghorn stones.
Adult↗
Renal transplantation in children following augmentation ureterocystoplasty.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of augmentation ureterocystoplasty on the success of cadaveric renal transplantation in children with dysfunctional bladders. METHODS: Two patients with end-stage renal failure secondary to dysfunctional bladders (one myelodysplasia and one posterior urethral valves) underwent augmentation ureterocystoplasty prior to renal transplantation in order to increase bladder capacity and improve compliance. RESULTS: Significant improvement of bladder storage function was achieved in both patients. By the use of megaureter for augmentation, untoward sequelae of enteric or gastric augmentation were obviated. Renal transplantation was successful in both patients. Both have normal renal function 4 and 3 years after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Renal transplantation into bladders previously augmented with megaureters is successful. The use of urothelial-lined biomaterial for augmentation avoids the potential complications of gastro- or enterocystoplasty, which are especially dangerous in transplant patients.
Child↗
Bladder outlet obstruction by a lymphocele following kidney transplantation.
Lymphocele is a well-known complication of kidney transplantation. Patients usually present with deteriorating renal function, hydronephrosis, a nontender lower abdominal mass or ipsilateral leg edema. Urinary retention, however, is an unusual presentation of lymphocele. We herein report a case of a female patient who developed chronic urinary retention due to a pelvic lymphocele after kidney transplantation.
Chronic Disease↗
[Radical retropubic prostatectomy].
Radical prostatectomy may cure most patients in whom the malignant tumor has not invaded through the prostatic capsule. Advances in surgical technique and accumulation of experience have decreased the complication rate significantly. Long-term results of surgical treatment are now better than those of other forms of treatment; hence radical prostatectomy is now recommended for men with life expectancies longer than 10 years. Between 1988 and 1995, 164 men with clinical stages T1 or T2 adenocarcinoma were admitted for radical prostatectomy. Most were not offered a nerve-sparing procedure, so as to allow wider, more complete resection. Those who wanted preservation of sexual function underwent the nerve- preserving procedure. In 6 patients operation was discontinued when metastases to the mac lymph nodes were detected and in 1 when invasion of the pelvic wall was found, 157 underwent radical prostatectomy. Preoperative biopsy revealed a low-grade lesion (Gleason 2-4) in 19.1%, intermediate grade (Gleason 5-6) in 61.8% and high-grade (Gleason 7-9) in 19.1%; however, pathologic grading revealed that only 7.0% had grade 2-4 tumor, 60.5% grade 5-6 and 32.5% grade 7-9. Pathologic staging revealed T2 tumor in 58%, T3 in 38.8% (including microscopic invasion of the capsule or seminal vesicles); microscopic lymph node metastases were found in 3.2%. Tumor invasion through the capsule was found in only 2 of 13 treated with neoadjuvant androgen blockade, compared with 40% in those who did not receive this treatment. There was no operative mortality and only 14.7% has complications. All had urinary incontinence immediately after operation, but regained continence after an average of 4-5 months, 24 were incontinent for more than 12 months, but most of them had only mild stress incontinence. Most patients were impotent after the procedure. There was tumor recurrence, diagnosed by rise in serum PSA, in 26 during an average followup of 26.4 months (range 3-93). Cure rate of prostatic cancer by radical prostatectomy may be increased by improved preoperative staging methods and better patient selection; long term follow up is required for determining cure rate.
Aged↗
Anaesthetic management of a patient with glycogen storage disease type 1b.
PURPOSE: A rare case of a ten-year old patient with type 1b glycogen storage disease (GSD), scheduled for extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), is described. CLINICAL FEATURES: Patients with type 1b GSD manifest a range of clinical symptoms, including mental retardation, hepatosplenomegaly, renal enlargement, stomatitis, hypoglycaemic convulsions, bleeding diathesis, lactic acidosis and leukopaenia, thus creating a challenge for the anaesthetist. Following preanaesthetic administration of glucose-containing fluids, general anaesthesia was induced and the patient was mechanically ventilated. Except for mild hypoglycaemia after induction of anaesthesia, and moderate intraoperative metabolic acidosis which was attributed to the underlying disorder, anaesthesia was uneventful. No postoperative complications occurred and the patient was discharged home three days after lithotripsy. Clinical features of this rare inborn error of metabolism are reviewed and the approach for the anaesthetic management is discussed. CONCLUSIONS: A skillful perioperative management of patients with type 1b GSD can be achieved by cautious attention to the metabolic and homeostatic derangements that occur with the disease.
Anesthesia↗
Ureterocystoplasty: importance of the proximal blood supply.
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Adolescent↗
[Cystinuria and urolithiasis].
Cystinuria is a hereditary metabolic disorder which causes urinary lithiasis. Patients with cystinuria present at an earlier age (17 years), and with larger stones than patients with other types of urinary stones. As a result of frequent formation of new stones and multiple operations, many patients suffer from obstructive nephropathy and deterioration of kidney function. During the past decade we treated and followed 51 patients with cystine urolithiasis from 39 families. Screening disclosed another family member with cystinuria in 56% of the cases. The diagnosis of cystinuria was only made an average of 2 years after a patient first presented. In the group 12 kidneys had been removed due to various complications and in 7 kidneys there was significant deterioration of function. Each patient underwent a mean of 5.8 surgical interventions, including open operations, extra-corporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) and urethroscopy, but most still had residual stone fragments. To prevent complications from cystine urolithiasis every effort should be made to detect the disease early, including screening of families of patients with cystinuria and close follow-up of all family members. Early detection of stones, before they become large makes noninvasive treatment with ESWL possible, whereas large stones require PCNL. Patients should be urged to maintain high urine outputs and to continue uninterrupted treatment with penicillamine or tiopronin, and urinary alkalinization.
Cystinuria↗
Histologic studies of intravesical oxybutynin in the rabbit.
Intravesically applied oxybutynin has been reported to have no significant systemic anticholinergic side effects, with excellent efficacy in the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Currently, the morphologic effects of intravesical oxybutynin on the local bladder tissue are not well established. It is the purpose of this study to address this issue in an animal model. Thirty-nine New Zealand White female rabbits were catheterized daily and intravesical solutions instilled for as long as 30 days. In part A of the study, the overall histologic effects of intravesical oxybutynin were examined by comparing oxybutynin with saline administration. Part B of this study compared the relative effects of crushed oxybutynin tablets and pure oxybutynin powder. The bladder histology and urine microbiological studies were analyzed in a blinded fashion. We found that the crushed oxybutynin tablets and saline administered intravesically produced similarly mild inflammation in the bladders (p < 0.05). When we compared the crushed oxybutynin tablets and pure oxybutynin powder, however, the crushed tablet group was found to have a mild eosinophilic infiltrate seen in 5 of 9 animals, which was not observed in any of the animals in the other groups (p = 0.029). Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the microbiological findings were not different among the different groups (p > 0.05). Our findings support the clinical use of intravesical oxybutynin as being safe for local tissue. However, consideration should be given to the use of the pure powdered form of oxybutynin, since the crushed oxybutynin tablets may lead to allergic reactions.
Administration, Intravesical↗
[Congenital urethral strictures].
We present 12 patients with presumed congenital urethral stricture (mean age at diagnosis 20 years). They complained of various urological symptoms, including dysuria, transient urinary retention, urgency and reduced flow. The time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis averaged 18 months. The strictures were presumed congenital because no patient had a history of urethral infection or of instrumentation, and all the strictures were at the proximal bulbar urethra, as has been described for congenital, bulbar, urethral stricture. We treated 5 patients initially by internal urethrotomy, of whom 2 required transurethral dilatation at follow-up. 7 others were treated initially by transurethral dilatation, 4 of whom required more than 1 treatment. Follow-up has averaged 21 months. In 8 of 10 patients the maximal urinary flow at latest follow-up is greater than 20 ml/sec.
Adult↗
The sensitivity of pressure specific bladder volume versus total bladder capacity as a measure of bladder storage dysfunction.
Assessment of bladder storage function requires an accurate measure of bladder capacity and pressure. Pressure specific bladder volume is the volume that a bladder can accommodate at a specific pressure. A total of 21 consecutive children with neurogenic bladders who were candidates for bladder augmentation based on standard clinical criteria (upper urinary tract deterioration, incontinence and infection) was studied to determine the efficacy of pressure specific bladder volume as a measure of bladder dysfunction. Urodynamic indexes were compared to previously established nomograms. All 21 patients had bladder volumes at pressures of 30 cm. water or less, which decreased below the 5th percentile as determined by the nomogram. In 7 patients (33%) normal total bladder capacity was achieved at the expense of elevated storage pressures. Pressure specific bladder volume provides a better measure of bladder storage function than total bladder capacity because it relates volume to intravesical pressure, does not rely on a subjective end point to bladder filling, and is objective and reproducible.
Adolescent↗
Loss of elasticity in dysfunctional bladders: urodynamic and histochemical correlation.
To store adequate volumes of urine at low safe pressures an elastic bladder wall is required. We developed 2 new techniques to measure this ability in our urodynamic laboratory: pressure specific bladder volume, which measures the bladder capacity at a given pressure, and dynamic analysis of bladder compliance. Recently, morphometric and histochemical techniques have been used to determine the relative volume of connective tissue in the bladder wall and to measure the 2 major types (I and III) of collagen within the bladder wall. These methods quantitate 3 parameters of bladder ultrastructure: 1) relative volume of per cent connective tissue, 2) ratio of connective tissue to smooth muscle and 3) ratio of type III to type I collagen. These parameters have been shown to be abnormally elevated in patients with dysfunctional bladders compared to normals. The purpose of the study was to describe the ultrastructural changes that occur in the wall of dysfunctional bladders and to determine the ability of these new urodynamic techniques to detect reliably the clinical effect of these histological changes. The study included 29 consecutive patients with dysfunctional bladders necessitating bladder augmentation. All patients had upper tract changes and/or were incontinent despite treatment with clean intermittent catheterization and pharmacotherapy. Preoperative urodynamic evaluation included measurement of the total bladder capacity, pressure specific bladder volume and dynamic analysis of bladder compliance. Full thickness bladder biopsies were obtained from the dome of the bladders during augmentation. The per cent connective tissue and the ratio of connective tissue to smooth muscle were determined for all patients, and 4 unselected patients from this group had the ratio of type III to type I collagen determined. These histological results were compared to previously established normal values. All 29 patients had a decreased pressure specific bladder volume and dynamic analysis of bladder compliance, whereas 9 had a normal total bladder capacity. The per cent connective tissue was 35.19 +/- 2.84 and ratio of connective tissue to smooth muscle was 0.60 +/- 0.08 compared to normal values of 10.6 +/- 0.020 and 0.131 +/- 0.021, respectively (p < 0.05). Ratio of type III to type I collagen was also significantly elevated in the 4 samples analyzed (30.53 +/- 1.37 versus 24.00 +/- 2.50, p < 0.05). We conclude that poor storage function of poorly compliant bladders is secondary to an alteration in the connective tissue content of the bladder wall. Furthermore, these pathological ultrastructural changes are universally reflected by an abnormally low pressure specific bladder volume and dynamic analysis of bladder compliance. This strong association validates the use of these parameters and suggests that they are urodynamic indicators of a loss of elasticity in bladder wall.
Adolescent↗
Bladder augmentation: ureterocystoplasty versus ileocystoplasty.
The primary advantages of augmentation ureterocystoplasty include the absence of mucus, lack of electrolyte absorption from the augmenting segment and the avoidance of gastrointestinal complications. We tested whether the ureteral patch offers sufficient biomaterial to increase adequately the storage efficiency of dysfunctional bladders. Between April 1989 and November 1992, 8 children with unilaterally dilated and tortuous ureters underwent bladder augmentation using detubularized reconfigured megaureter. Clinical and urodynamic outcomes were compared between these patients and a control group of 8 children matched in age and diagnosis who had undergone ileocystoplasty during the same time. Total bladder capacity, pressure specific bladder volume at pressure less than 30 cm. water, dynamic analysis of bladder compliance, continence and upper tract status were compared between the 2 groups before and after augmentation. Preoperatively, all 16 patients were incontinent with high pressure, small capacity bladders, and all had upper tract changes. Postoperatively, the mean total bladder capacity was 417 ml. in the ureterocystoplasty group and 381 ml. in the ileocystoplasty group (p > 0.05), while the mean pressure specific bladder volume was 413 and 380 ml. (p > 0.05), respectively. Pressure specific bladder volume and dynamic bladder compliance were normal in 7 of 8 patients (87.5%) in the ureterocystoplasty group. All patients in the ileocystoplasty group had normal postoperative urodynamics. We conclude that megaureters subtending effete kidneys may be used to improve the storage function of dysfunctional bladders to the same extent as that achieved with ileum without the complications pursuant to ileocystoplasty, and that the improvement is maintained long term.
Adolescent↗
Ureteral bladder augmentation.
Virtually all segments of the gastrointestinal tract have been used successfully in augmentation cystoplasty. The complications inherent in enterocystoplasty are well described. Megaureters subtending effete kidneys (poorly or nonfunctioning) provide a novel and excellent source of augmentation material with urothelium and muscular backing, free of the electrolyte and acid base disturbances, and mucus production that plague enterocystoplasty. Augmentation cystoplasty using detubularized, reconfigured, otherwise disposable megaureter, with or without ipsilateral total or partial nephrectomy, was performed in 16 patients (mean age 8.8 years, range 1 to 25) with inadequate and dysfunctional bladders. Postoperative followup varied between 8 and 38 months (mean 22). The overall renal function and radiographic appearance of the remaining upper tracts have remained stable or improved in all patients. Of the 16 patients 15 require intermittent catheterization and 1 voids spontaneously. Ten patients are continent day and night, 5 have improved continence (4 damp at night and 1 stress incontinence) and 1 has failed to gain continence despite good capacity and compliance. Complete postoperative urodynamic evaluations in 12 of 13 patients show good capacity, low pressure bladders with no instability. Complications occurred in 5 patients, including transient urine extravasation in 2, contralateral ureterovesical obstruction in 2 and Mitrofanoff stomal stenosis in 1. Augmentation ureterocystoplasty combines the benefits common to all enterocystoplasties without adding any of the untoward complications or risks associated with nonurothelial augmentations.
Adolescent↗
Hypertonic saline infusion in hemorrhagic shock treated by military antishock trousers (MAST) in awake sheep.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of military antishock trousers (MAST) combined with hypertonic saline in controlled hemorrhagic shock in an awake sheep model. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled study. SETTING: University research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Healthy adult sheep (21 to 33.5 kg) were studied in four experimental groups. INTERVENTIONS: Sheep underwent cannulation of the jugular vein and the carotid artery. An indwelling catheter was also inserted into their bladders. Mean arterial, pulmonary arterial, pulmonary artery occlusion, and central venous pressures, cardiac and stroke volume indices, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, PaO2 and PaCO2, and serum lactate and hemoglobin concentrations were measured at baseline, after induction of hemorrhagic shock, and subsequently during resuscitative treatments of normal saline, MAST, hypertonic saline, and the combination of MAST and hypertonic saline. MEASUREMENTS: Controlled hemorrhagic shock was induced by arterial bleeding of 40 mL/kg in all animals. The sheep were randomized into four groups. In group 1 (n = 5), controlled hemorrhagic shock was treated by 5 mL/kg sodium chloride 0.9% (isotonic saline). In group 2 (n = 6), controlled hemorrhagic shock was treated by 5 mL/kg sodium chloride 7.5% (hypertonic saline). In group 3 (n = 5), controlled hemorrhagic shock was treated by MAST inflated to 40 mm Hg followed by 5 mL/kg sodium chloride 0.9%. In group 4, controlled hemorrhagic shock was treated by MAST (40 mm Hg) followed by 5 mL/kg of hypertonic saline. MAIN RESULTS: Arterial bleeding was followed by significant decreases in mean arterial pressure (87 +/- 1 to 41 +/- 4 mm Hg; p < .001), cardiac index (4.6 +/- 0.4 to 2.0 +/- 0.2 L/min/m2; p < .001), and urine output (102 +/- 30 to 13.0 +/- 7 mL/hr; p < .001), and an increase in systemic vascular resistance (1517 +/- 130 to 2601 +/- 370 dyne.sec/cm5; p < .001). MAST inflation in group 3 increased systemic vascular resistance to 3018 +/- 399 dyne.sec/cm5 (p < .05) and mean arterial pressure to 79 +/- 5 mm Hg (p < .05), while cardiac index, urine output, and lactate concentration remained unchanged. Infusion of hypertonic saline after MAST inflation (group 4) resulted in an increase in mean arterial pressure to 99 +/- 4 mm Hg (p < .001), an increase in cardiac index to 4.1 +/- 0.4 L/min/m2 (p < .001), an increase in urine output to 221 +/- 93 mL/hr (p < .001), and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance to 1847 +/- 175 dyne.sec/cm5 (p < .005). CONCLUSIONS: In hemorrhagic shock, the combination of MAST and hypertonic saline increases mean arterial pressure, improves cardiac output and tissue perfusion during the application of MAST, and also prolongs for > 2 hrs the short beneficial effect of hypertonic saline on mean arterial pressure.
Animals↗
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for treatment of ureterolithiasis in patients with cystinuria.
Ten of 42 patients with cystinuria admitted for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment had ureterolithiasis. Of these, 3 had bilateral stones, 2 had only 1 functioning kidney, and 2 had stones in both the kidney and ureter on the same side. Only 1 patient was on medical treatment at the time of referral. After initiation of medical treatment for cystinuria, 2 patients were discharged without further intervention, 1 was discharged after placement of a ureteric stent and 10 were treated with ESWL. After an average of 1.5 ESWL treatment sessions per ureter, 8 patients became stone-free and in the remaining 2, ureteroscopy was required to complete the treatment. Problems associated with the ESWL treatment of cystine stones are discussed. It was concluded that ESWL is the treatment of choice for ureterolithiasis in patients with cystinuria because it is effective and is the least invasive procedure even in patients with cystinuria.
Adolescent↗