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Biomedical subjects

E Halliday

Publications and source records attributed to E Halliday.

17 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Enteroviral infections in primary immunodeficiency (PID): a survey of morbidity and mortality.

We have explored the natural history of enteroviral infection in patients with primary antibody deficiency by surveying both published and unpublished case reports before the new anti-enteroviral drug, pleconaril, was available. Many different enteroviruses were involved, Echovirus 11 being the most common. The central nervous system was nearly always involved, with evidence of systemic involvement of muscle and/or liver and/or joints in about 40% of patients. Neurological symptoms and signs varied with minor or no changes in the cerebro-spinal fluid. There was high morbidity and mortality; a third of polio cases (usually vaccine related), and nearly half of non-polio infected patients died; about 40% of survivors of the initial illness had long-term neurological symptoms. Prophylactic immunoglobulin therapy did not prevent infection but these patients were on lower doses as compared to current recommendations. Our data provides a useful background for assessing the efficacy of new anti-viral treatment in this condition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Universal maternal screening for neonatal group B streptococcal disease.

Group B streptococcal infection is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Data obtained in our region suggest that the incidence in the UK may be higher than previously reported, and together with the results of a pilot study indicate that preventive strategies based on maternal risk factors alone would prevent less than half the cases of neonatal disease.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

The effects of tramadol on postoperative nausea, vomiting and headache after ENT surgery. A placebo-controlled comparison with equipotent doses of nalbuphine and pethidine.

BACKGROUND: Opioids given as adjuncts to balanced inhalational anaesthesia augment postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Tramadol, equipotent to pethidine, does not depress respiration, but can cause an increase in blood pressure and headache via its monoaminergic actions. Nalbuphine, ten times as potent as pethidine, has a ceiling respiratory depressant and ceiling analgesic effect at > 0.3 mg.kg-1. We compared the effects of equipotent doses of tramadol and nalbuphine (3.0 and 0.3 mg.kg-1, respectively) given as analgesic with induction of anaesthesia on emesis during recovery from anaesthesia and on PONV and headache until 24 h after ENT surgery, using saline (0.2 ml.kg-1) and an equipotent dose of pethidine (1.5 mg.kg-1) as controls. METHOD: The study population (N = 281) comprised 4 comparable subgroups (N = 69 to 71 each). Anaesthetic medications were standardised. Emesis during recovery from anaesthesia and nausea, vomiting, retching, headache and administrations of antiemetic and analgesics until 24 h after surgery were recorded. RESULTS: Emesis and antiemetic requirements during recovery from anaesthesia were similar and infrequent in each group, as were the incidences of nausea alone (3 to 5%), vomiting alone (17 to 31%), and nausea with vomiting (10 to 22%) during the first 24 h after surgery. However, any complaint of PONV was least frequent in the saline and pethidine groups (32% and 37%, respectively) and most frequent in the tramadol and nalbuphine groups (49% and 52%, respectively; P < 0.05 versus saline, both comparisons; P = NS versus pethidine, both comparisons). The times to onset and severity of PONV were similar in each group, but patients given nalbuphine most frequently (P < 0.025) needed rescue antiemetic to treat PONV. Headache occurred with similar frequency in each group. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that tramadol, nalbuphine and pethidine have similar emetic effect in the doses and manner used, and that tramadol does not increase the incidence of post-operative headache when used as peroperative analgesic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Cortical potentials following voluntary and passive finger movements.

In order to clarify the time relationship and functional significance of post-motion components of the movement-related cortical potential, averaged cortical potentials associated with voluntary and passive movements were compared mainly with respect to their scalp topography. Fourteen channels of scalp EEG, together with EOG and EMG, were simultaneously recorded in 7 healthy adult subjects while the subject was either repeating a self-paced brisk extension of a middle finger or while the experimenter was extending the middle finger by pulling up a string attached to the finger. Potentials associated with the movement were averaged opisthochronically in relation to a trigger actuated by the finger interrupting a beam of light. Seven peaks were identified in the passive movement-evoked potential. A sharp negative peak occurred over the contralateral precentral region 16 msec after the photometer trigger (N15). Another negative component (N70) formed a composite of double-peaked negativity with N15 and was seen over the frontal region with a contralateral predominance. A positive peak (P65) was recorded over the contralateral parietal region with a similar latency to N70. This N70/P65 complex has some marked similarities in terms of wave form and spatial relationship with the N + 50/P + 90 complex recorded with voluntary movement of the same finger. It is postulated that these components may be the projected potential fields from a dipole source within the central sulcus and may represent a kinesthetic feedback from the muscle afferents.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Components of the movement-related cortical potential and their scalp topography.

In order to clarify the significance of the various components of the movement-related cortical potentials, scalp-recorded potential changes associated with voluntary, self-paced middle finger flexion and extension were studied by an opisthochronic averaging program in 14 normal right-handed subjects. Topographical study, based on 14 simultaneously recorded and averaged EEG channels, enabled us to identify at least 8 components; 4 pre-motion and 4 post-motion. The pre-motion components are the Beretischaftspotential (BP) (a symmetric early negative shift), NS'(-500 to -90) (a negative slope maximal over the contralateral precentral region and culminating in N-90 ipsilaterally), P-50 (corresponding to the pre-motion positivity, PMP), and N-10 (probably corresponding to the motor potential, MP). The post-motion components include N+50 (a sharp negative post-motion activity over the contralateral frontal region), P+90, N+160 (presumably representing sensory functions) and P+300 (a large positivity maximal over the contralateral precentral region but widely distributed).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Evoked potentials following unilateral ECT. I. The somatosensory evoked potential.

The somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) was recorded in 14 patients undergoing unilateral ECT for the treatment of depression. All patients received right-sided ECT. One patient was studied on a second occasion during leftsided ECT. The index and middle fingers of each hand were electrically stimulated 1/sec throughout anaesthesia, the fit and the 0.5 h period following the fit. During barbiturate anaesthesia the SEP showed the characteristic change of the P49 component and enhancement of P32, while during the seizure induced by right ECT, the SEP was seen more clearly on the left side of the head, despite the high voltage epileptic activity. No significant asymmetries of any of the SEP components were seen post-ictally, the response returning rapidly on both sides. The subjective threshold to electrical stimulation of the fingers of each hand was significantly raised following ECT.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Evoked potentials following unilateral ECT. II. The flash evoked potential.

The flash evoked potential (VEP) was recorded in 16 depressed patients before, during and for 0.5 h following administration of unilateral ECT. In 14 the recordings were made following right ECT and in 3 following left ECT. One patient was recorded after right- and left-sided treatments administered on separate occasions. While the patients were conscious, responses were averaged with eyes open and eyes closed. During anaesthesia, ictus and post-ictal coma the response to repetitive stimulation through closed eyes was recorded continuously in sequential runs. Consistent latency differences between VEPs with eyes open and closed were established in the runs prior to treatment. In postictal coma there was a marked asymmetry in the response from the two sides. Component P140, in particular, was significantly smaller and later over the side which received ECT. On average, these asymmetries lasted less than 15 min following the treatment. A significant latency increase, common to both hemispheres, was found at the end of the recording session.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

EEG immediately after unilateral ECT.

EEG was continuously recorded in 15 patients for a period extending from just before to 1/2 hour after unilateral ECT. Fourier analysis was performed on the EEG following 15 right-sided treatments and five left-sided treatments. During the induced seizure, epileptic slow-wave activity had significantly greater power on the treated side. Immediately after the seizure, there was significantly more delta activity and less alpha and beta activity on the treated side. This asymmetry, though becoming less marked, was usually still present at the end of the recording period. Analysis of other variables associated with the treatment showed that there was a significant correlation between the time to eye-opening after ECT and both the duration of the seizure and the amount of anaesthetic administered. The similarity between these induced unilateral seizures and unilateral seizures occurring spontaneously in some epileptics is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The pattern-evoked potential in compression of the anterior visual pathways.

Pattern evoked responses have been recorded in 19 patients with compression of the optic nerve, chiasm or tract, verified at operation. These included 4 patients with orbital tumours, 5 with intracranial meningiomas, 2 with craniopharyngiomas and 8 with pituitary tumours. The evoked response was abnormal in all except one of these patients. The pattern of abnormalities in the response, however, differed from that in the earlier series of patients with primary demyelinating disease. The incidence of delayed responses was much lower, and the magnitude of the delays was smaller. Absent responses were particularly characteristic of patients with intracranial meningiomas. Tumours arising in the region of the sella turcica were associated with a high incidence of abnormalities of the waveform of the response, and asymmetry of the field of the occipital evoked potential was especially characteristic of this group. Most, but not all, asymmetric cases were associated with field defects.

Adult↗