Biomedical subjects

E I Galaid

Publications and source records attributed to E I Galaid.

6 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1992

Pelvic inflammatory disease: trends in hospitalizations and office visits, 1979 through 1988.

OBJECTIVES: We attempted to assess trends in pelvic inflammatory disease occurrence and to describe current antibiotic treatment and use of surgical procedures for pelvic inflammatory disease in the United States. STUDY DESIGN: Analyses of hospitalizations according to the National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Discharge Survey for 1979 to 1988, and of office visits to private physicians from the National Disease and Therapeutic Index for 1979 to 1989 were done. RESULTS: From 1979 to 1988, a mean of 181,700 women aged 15 to 44 years were hospitalized each year for acute pelvic inflammatory disease (3.03/1000 women) and 94,400 for chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (0.90/1000), and nearly 400,000 first visits for pelvic inflammatory disease were made each year to private physicians' offices (7.2/1000 women). Mean visit and hospitalization rates for acute pelvic inflammatory disease were highest for women aged 20 to 24 years and for other-than-white women. By 1987 to 1988, however, pelvic inflammatory disease hospitalization rates were highest for teenagers. Surgery was performed during 42% of hospitalizations for acute pelvic inflammatory disease and 90% of hospitalizations for chronic pelvic inflammatory disease. Over this time period, hospitalization rates for acute pelvic inflammatory disease decreased by 36% while office visit rates remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: This decrease in hospitalizations for pelvic inflammatory disease may indicate a true decrease in its incidence, changes in physician hospitalization practices, or a shift in the spectrum of severity of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Pelvic inflammatory disease.

The costs of PID to both individuals and society are enormous. Although primary prevention of PID through control of lower genital tract infections is the most effective prevention strategy, early diagnosis and treatment of acute PID may minimize some of its serious sequelae. Although laparoscopy is helpful for establishing the diagnosis of salpingitis, other less invasive tests along with selected clinical criteria may also be useful. Treatment of PID, which is empiric and broad spectrum, is oriented toward polymicrobial PID. Whenever possible, women with PID should be hospitalized for parenteral therapy. The 1989 CDC STD treatment guidelines recommend two regimens for inpatient parenteral therapy: clindamycin/gentamicin and cefoxitin, or equivalent cephalosporin/doxycycline. Outpatient management of PID should be monitored closely; the CDC-recommended regimen includes use of intramuscular cephalosporins and oral doxycycline. Oral penicillins are no longer recommended.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed1985

Thermophilic bacteria: a new cause of human disease.

We studied a group of 31 bacterial isolates from clinical specimens, received by the Centers for Disease Control since 1961, which have been denoted thermophilic for their unusual ability to grow at 50 degrees C. Microbiological characteristics were determined for the group, and an assessment of their clinical significance was made based on retrospective chart review. These bacteria are all gram-negative, nonfermentative, nonsporulating rods, most of which grow better at 42 or 50 degrees C than at 35 degrees C. Some of the bacteria could be implicated as the etiological agents for meningitis, endocarditis, and septicemia. Thermophilic bacteria should be considered potential pathogens when isolated from appropriate clinical specimens.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

The descriptive epidemiology of pneumococcal meningitis in New York City.

A total of 348 cases of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae were reported to and investigated by the New York City Department of Health during the six years 1973-1978. The descriptive epidemiology and completeness of reporting of this disease entity are presented. The total crude incidence was estimated at 1.46 cases per 100,000 population per year. The high-risk age categories were less than 5 years and greater than or equal to 65 years. The incidence of pneumococcal meningitis for blacks with sickle cell disease was much greater than that for other blacks, who, in turn, had a higher rate than whites. The overall case fatality ratio was 0.590. The case fatality increased with increasing age and was higher in nonwhites than in whites. Twenty-four per cent of all cases had predisposing chronic conditions which would have qualified them for the polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine under the present guidelines.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Meningococcal disease in New York City, 1973 to 1978. Recognition of groups y and W-135 as frequent pathogens.

In the period 1973 through 1978, the New York City Department of Health serogrouped 648 isolates of Neisseria meningitidis and investigated 259 cases if meningococcal meningitis and meningococcemia. Although meningitis and septicemia were mainly due to groups B and C, groups Y and W-135 caused nearly one third of the cases. There was no difference in mortalities when disease caused by the classic groups A, B, and C was compared with disease caused by the new serogroups X, Y, Z, W-135, and Z'. Most isolates from the respiratory tract were from the new serogroups, especially Z and Z' (some from patients with pneumonia), as were most of those from the genitourinary tract, anal canal, and miscellaneous sites. Group X was infrequently seen. Although most of the isolations of these groups of N meningitidis are apparently from asymptomatic carriers, Y and W-135 do cause a substantial number of acute symptomatic infections, in particular, septicemia.

Anal Canal↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pelvic inflammatory disease: review of treatment options.

Decisions regarding appropriate antibiotic therapy for treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are complicated by an incomplete understanding of the syndrome. Further, the lack of data on laparoscopic diagnosis and cure of PID severely limits our ability to interpret data on therapy outcome. Validation studies of the treatment regimens recommended by the Centers for Disease Control in the 1985 treatment guidelines for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) suggest that both the cefoxitin/doxycycline and clindamycin/aminoglycoside combination regimens result in consistently high rates of clinical evidence of cure. The 1989 STD treatment guidelines were based on these studies and on available data regarding newer treatment regimens. Empiric, broad-spectrum therapy remains the treatment of choice. The two regimens recommended for inpatient therapy in 1989 are similar to those recommended in 1985. The recommendation for management of ambulatory patients has been substantially changed, however, because of increasing resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to penicillin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗