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Biomedical subjects

E J Butler

Publications and source records attributed to E J Butler.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Pathological and biochemical observations on subclinical cases of fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome in the fowl.

A high incidence of subclinical fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) was found in three flocks of laying hens in which deaths from FLHS had occurred. There was so significant difference between the affected hens and the remainder of the block in egg production or quality, but the former were more obese and had higher concentrations of lipids in their livers, suggesting a pathogenic relationship between hepatic steatosis and haemorrhage. Soluble protein tended to accumulate with the fat in the livers. Reticulolysis had occurred in over half the haemorrhagic livers examined. Histological examination and DNA estimations provided no evidence of generalised hyperplasia. From the composition of the liver lipids it was concluded that the steatosis resulted mainly from an increase in lipogenesis from dietary carbohydrate. Lipid levels in the plasma were weakly correlated with those in the liver. No change was detected in the plasma protein pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Influence of dietary cereal and energy content on the accumulation of lipids in the liver in fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome in the fowl.

Isocaloric diets supplying about 2900 kcal/kg and based on maize, wheat and barley respectively, were fed to pullets for 13 weeks from point of lay. The number of cases of subclinical fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome and the mean total lipid, triglyceride and monoglyceride content of the liver decreased in the above order of diets. The final body weight, weight gain and abdominal fat score followed the order wheat greater than maize greater than barley. Reduction of the energy content of the wheat and barley diets to 2670 and 2490 kcal/kg respectively by the omission of animal fat was associated with a reduction in the lipid content of the liver only in the case of the wheat diets. Egg production and quality were uniformly high and no difference was detected in plasma triglyceride and free fatty acid levels.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

The oestrogenised chick as an experimental model for fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome in the fowl.

A syndrome resembling fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens was reproduced in six- to seven-week-old chickens by injecting oestradiol-17beta-dipropionate intramuscularly (total dose 20-50 mg/kg). The degree of hepatic steatosis and the severity and extent of haemorrhage from the liver varied with the dose and the results suggested a pathogenic relationship between the two conditions. There was no evidence of reticulolysis in the liver. When food was withdrawn for 24 h after the last injection there was a dramatic fall in the haemorrhage score and a reduction in the lipid content of the liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Environmental temperature as a factor in the aetiology of fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome in the fowl.

Unidirectional air flow isolators were used to house laying hens at 13 degrees C, 18--30 degrees C and 29 degrees C. Their diet was formulated to provide 2655 k cal metabolisable energy/kg and 142 g crude protein/kg. Groups were killed for examination at the age of 35 and 45 weeks. Sub-clinical FLHS occurred in all isolators but in the case of the younger hens appeared to be more prevalent at 29 degrees C than at 13 degrees C. Both the triglyceride and the glycogen content of the liver were higher at 29 degrees C despite a reduction in food intake. The free fatty acid level in the plasma was lower, probably as a consequence of reduced lipolysis. Liver haemorrhage was associated with an increase in plasma aspartate transaminase activity. It was concluded that an interaction between environmental temperature and the energy balance is not the only factor involved in the aetiology of FLHS and maybe of secondary importance, and that there is a pathogenic relationship between hepatic steatosis and haemorrhage.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effects of rapeseed meal on laying hens (Gallus domesticus) in relation to fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome and egg taint.

Fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) occurred in the controls and was modified in hens that received a diet containing 10 per cent rapeseed meal. This diet increased the extent and severity of the hepatic haemorrhage without affecting the reticulin content of the liver but decreased the body weight and liver lipid levels and so weakened the correlation between these parameters and haemorrhage score found in FLHS. Plasma aspartate transaminase and beta-glucuronidase activities tended to increase with the score. The rapeseed meal diet also produced thyroid hypertrophy and since this was greater in the hens that produced tainted eggs and was positively correlated with the trimethylamine (TMA) content of the eggs it was postulated that rapeseed meal goitrogens may be involved as secondary factors in producing the disturbance in TMA metabolism that causes the egg taint. This abnormality was associated with a reduction in the soluble protein content of the liver, which reflected a decrease in TMA oxidase activity, but was not related to hepatic haemorrhage, steatosis or reticulolysis, or to lipid levels and the activities of lysosomal enzymes and transaminases in the plasma.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

The binding of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine to plasma proteins in the chicken at the physiological pH.

Amounts of 125I-labelled thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), representing approximately 50 per cent of the plasma concentration, were incubated with chicken plasma or serum, the proteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 7.4 and the distribution of the hormones determined. Seventy to 75 per cent of T4 migrated with albumin, about 10 per cent with the alpha-globulin and most of the remainder with a pre-albumin fraction. The percentage attached to the pre-albumin tended to increase with age. Neither barbiturate nor 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid (ANS) affected the distribution. About 50 per cent of T3 was associated with albumin, 30 to 40 per cent with the main alpha-globulin and most of the remainder with an adjacent globulin band. ANS reduced the percentage attached to albumin and increased that associated with the alpha-globulin. Barbiturate had no effect.

Alpha-Globulins↗
PubMed1977

Escherichia coli endotoxin as a stressor in the domestic fowl.

During 24 h after the injection of fowls (aged eight to 11 weeks) with Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 to 3 mg/kg) isolated from a pathogenic strain (O78) there were changes in the ascorbate content of the adrenal gland and increases in the plasma free fatty acid levels, indicating that the toxin behaves as a mild stressor.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1977

The effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin on lysosomal enzymes in the domestic fowl.

During the 2 h following the injection of chickens (aged nine to 11 weeks) with endotoxin isolated from a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (O78) there was a transient rise in the activity of acid phosphatase, aryl sulphatase and beta-glucuronidase in the plasma, suggesting increased release of these enzymes from lysosomes. This was followed by a fall in their activity which may have been due largely to stabilisation of the lysosomal membrane brought about by increased secretion of adrenocortical hormones and/or accelerated removal of the enzymes from circulation by the reticuloendothelial system.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1977

The effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin on plasma histaminase activity in the domestic fowl and the involvement of caeruloplasmin.

The injection of four-to nine-week-old fowls with Escherichia coli O111:B4 endotoxin (0-1 and 1-0 mg/kg) produced a two to eight fold rise in the histaminase activity of the plasma 24 h afterwards. In some cases this increase was still detectable after 48 h. This activity was strongly correlated with the p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity of caeruloplasmin. Electrophoretic studies with 7-5 per cent polyacrylamide gels indicated that fowl caeruloplasmin also was histaminase and putrescinase activity and that the release of this protein from the liver by endotoxin is largely responsible for the increase in the activity of the plasma. In untreated fowls this activity was lower than published values for several mammals and does not explain the relative resistance of the fowl to the acute effects of endotoxins and large doses of histamine.

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)↗
PubMed1975

The effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin on the concentrations of mineral elements in the plasma of the domestic fowl.

The intravenous injection of E coli endotoxin (serogroup 0111 : B4) into eight to nine week old disease-free fowls (0-025-3-0 mg/kg) produced successive falls in the plasma potassium and calcium levels during the 9 h following the injection. This change in the potassium concentration was accompanied by a slight rise in that of sodium, and in some cases a slight rise in that of sodium, and in some cases a slight reduction in the magnesium concentration was detected when that of calcium was reduced. No effect was observed 24 h after the injection. The metal-binding properties of endotoxin, its affinity for membranes and its effect on the secretion of adrenocortical hormones may be involved in the production of these responses. Their pathophysiological significance is also discussed.

Animals↗