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Biomedical subjects

E J Wilson

Publications and source records attributed to E J Wilson.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Characterization of T lymphocyte responses during primary infection with human immunodeficiency virus.

The present study was undertaken to determine T cell response to primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. No significant difference in T cell subsets was found between subjects who later seroconverted and a group of controls. Six subjects had multiple enumerations of T cell subsets done at the time of seroconversion. Initially, total lymphocyte and T cell subset counts were reduced. An inversion of the CD4+:CD8+ ratio due to a rise in the level of CD8+ cells was found later, followed by an appreciable increase in the number of CD8+ cells and further inversion of the CD4+:CD8+ ratio. Finally, the CD8+ cell count returned toward normal but remained higher than the CD4+ cell count; the inverted ratio was maintained. Lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness to mitogens and antigens was found during the seroconversion illness in one subject. In three of five subjects for whom data were available, an increase in the absolute number of CD8+ cells followed a decrease in the serum HIV antigen level.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Should nagarse be used during the isolation of brain mitochondria?

When nagarse is used to isolate brain mitochondria, a proportion of the nagarse stays associated with the mitochondrial fraction. This results in no detrimental affect on the respiratory activities. The nagarse is active in the presence of 2.3% sodium dodecyl sulfate and when samples are prepared for sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the nagarse degrades a substantial amount of the mitochondrial proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

HPLC analysis of putative amino acid neurotransmitters released from primary cerebellar cultures.

An HPLC method is described that measures amino acids (putative neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators) released from primary, dissociated cerebellar cells maintained in monolayer culture. Precolumn derivatization with phenylisothiocyanate, followed by reverse phase chromatography with UV detection was used to quantitate the phenylcarbamyl amino acid derivatives in a chemically defined medium. Quantitation was linear, reproducible and sensitive to one picomole. This method is useful for the measurement of putative neurotransmitters GABA, glutamate, aspartate, taurine and adenosine, and can easily be modified to analyze other amino acids in physiological samples.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1987

9-(1-3-Dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine prevents death but not immunity in murine cytomegalovirus-infected normal and immunosuppressed BALB/c mice.

Immunosuppressed (from treatment with cortisone acetate and anti-thymocyte globulin) and control adult female BALB/c mice, latently infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) or lethally challenged (10(6) PFU) with MCMV intraperitoneally, were treated with 9-(1-3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine (DHPG) intraperitoneally. A dose of 3 mg/kg reduced mortality by 50% in lethally challenged normal mice; 10 mg/kg was required in immunosuppressed mice. When 15 mg/kg was given, the onset of treatment could be delayed for 64 h after lethal challenge. DHPG did not prevent the establishment of latent MCMV infection or immunosuppression-induced reactivation. The antibody titer to MCMV in DHPG-treated mice which survived lethal challenge was 41 (reciprocal of geometric mean) 4 to 5 weeks after inoculation; such mice survived a second lethal challenge. When antiserum treatment was begun 64 h and DHPG was begun 72 h after a lethal challenge, most mice survived; most did not when either treatment alone was begun at those times. In summary, DHPG effectively treated lethal MCMV infection even in immunosuppressed mice and even when treatment onset was delayed for 64 h. Treatment did not alter the establishment or reactivation of latent infections or the induction of effective immunity. The administration of DHPG coupled with antiserum treatment may be even more effective than the administration of either alone.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1987

Effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on the preadipocyte 3T3-F442A cell line.

The 3T3-F442A mouse fibroblast cell line, triggered by factors present in fetal calf serum (FCS), converts either spontaneously or, in the simultaneous presence of FCS and insulin, at an accelerated rate into cells exhibiting the adipocyte phenotype. The effects of the neurohypophysial hormones in differentiated cells on glucose metabolism (glucose oxidation and lipogenesis) were compared with the stimulatory actions of insulin, which had its most pronounced effects in cells differentiated spontaneously with FCS in the absence of insulin. The differentiated 3T3-F442A cells were sensitive to physiological levels of insulin and exhibited manyfold increases in glucose metabolism in response to it. This result demonstrated that these cultured cells respond to insulin, in a manner analogous to freshly isolated adipocytes. In contrast to its insulin-like effects in isolated epididymal adipocytes, oxytocin was not reproducibly able to stimulate glucose metabolism in differentiated 3T3-F442A cells. Vasopressin was similarly inactive. In contrast, both oxytocin and vasopressin blocked adipocyte conversion triggered by FCS, either in the presence or absence of insulin; vasopressin was more potent than oxytocin, indicating that a vasopressin receptor was responsible for the observed inhibition of differentiation. Our work suggests that vasopressin could potentially play a role in the regulation of the adipocyte differentiation process.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗
PubMed1987

The management of late radiation-induced rectal injury after treatment of carcinoma of the uterus.

Sixty-one of 1,418 (4.3 per cent) patients treated with radiation for carcinoma of the uterus from 1963 to 1983 had significant radiation-induced complications of the intestine develop which required a surgical opinion considering further management. Ninety-three per cent of these complications involved the rectum. Florid proctitis resolved within two years of onset in 33 per cent of the patients who were managed conservatively while 22 per cent of the patients died of disseminated disease within the same time period. Surgical treatment was eventually necessary in 39 per cent of the patients who were initially treated conservatively for radiation induced proctitis. Rectal excision with coloanal sleeve anastomosis produced a satisfactory result in eight of 11 patients with severe radiation injury involving the rectum. The incidence of radiation-induced and malignant rectovaginal fistula were similar (1 per cent), but disease-induced symptoms tended to occur earlier after primary treatment (a median of eight months) compared with radiation-induced symptoms (a median of 16 months).

Female↗
PubMed1986

Changes in the phenotype of T-cell subset determinants following murine cytomegalovirus infection.

The murine model provides a particularly apt experimental system in which to evaluate the effects of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. CMV exerts a profound "suppression" of the immune response in the mouse and in humans; the infected animal is no longer able to mediate an appropriate response to mitogens or alloantigens. Using fluorocytometry and fluoresceinated monoclonal antibodies directed against the Thy-1.2, Lyt-1, and Lyt-2 cell membrane determinants following a nonlethal intraperitoneal inoculation of weanling BALB/c mice with Smith strain murine cytomegalovirus, significant changes in T-cell subsets were found that are consistent with findings described in the clinical situation. These ratio changes are temporally consistent with the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte population described by others. Finally, novel changes in the antigenic determinant distribution is found which may reflect the appearance of an antigen-committed cytotoxic T-lymphocyte population. This population which peaks at the ninth postinfection day may consist of 20-47% of the T-lymphocyte population and may offer an explanation for the cellular hyporesponsiveness seen following CMV infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The protective effects of hyperimmune anti-murine cytomegalovirus antiserum against lethal viral challenge: the case for passive-active immunization.

The administration of 0.2 ml of hyperimmune anti-mouse cytomegalovirus (CMV) antiserum intraperitoneally (ip) or intravenously provided complete protection against lethal challenge (10(5.8) PFU ip) with murine CMV. Antiserum protection was complete when the antiserum was administered as long as 24 hr after viral challenge. The administration of antiserum had little effect on the titers of virus in the organs of these animals. Ammonium sulfate-treated antiserum provided similar complete protection. Animals rechallenged with 10(6)-10(6.5) PFU of murine CMV 1 month after initial challenge, at a time when the administrated antiserum was no longer detectable, all survived. We conclude that hyperimmune antiserum can provide significant protection against otherwise lethal murine CMV infection, that the protecting material lies within the immunoglobulin fraction, and that long-term immunity results from the combined exposure to virus and antiserum. Such passive-active protection could be useful in protecting against human CMV infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Has the incidence of radiation-induced bowel damage following treatment of uterine carcinoma changed in the last 20 years?

Radiation-induced bowel damage occurred in 4.3% of patients treated primarily by irradiation for uterine carcinoma during the period 1962-1982. There has been a progressive rise in the incidence of radiation damage and radiation-induced rectovaginal fistula during this 20-year period. Radiation from intracavitary sources was a contributory factor in 92% of injured cases. The rising incidence of bowel damage in our patients may be due to an increase in the number of patients receiving a high rectal dose from the intracavitary source. There was a significantly (P less than 0.01) higher incidence of radiation injury in cases of cervical carcinoma compared to endometrial carcinoma. This was because cervical carcinoma tended to present at a more advanced stage than endometrial carcinoma and was more frequently treated with combined external and intracavitary irradiation. There was no significant increase in the incidence of complications among patients undergoing hysterectomy.

Brachytherapy↗
PubMed1986

Myopericarditis and enhanced dystrophic cardiac calcification in murine cytomegalovirus infection.

In mice inoculated with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) an acute myopericarditis developed which varied from a focal lymphohistiocytic inflammation to intense inflammation with necrosis and cytomegalic inclusion-bearing cells. Sublethal doses caused focal transient nonspecific chronic inflammation, followed months later by an increased frequency and extent of dystrophic cardiac calcification. When such latently infected hearts were heterotopically transplanted into uninfected animals which were then immunosuppressed (IS), a fatal generalized CMV infection followed. Cytomegalic inclusion-bearing endothelial, fibroblastic, and myocardial cells were seen in the intense inflammation found in hearts taken from mice 4 days after lethal inoculation and transplanted into uninfected mice, which were then IS. These findings may be relevant to human cardiac transplantation because they show that MCMV regularly causes cardiac infection with both acute and chronic consequences; chronic injury may follow a morphologically nonspecific myopericarditis which might not be attributed to CMV infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Primary cytomegalovirus infection following cardiac transplantation in a murine model.

A murine cytomegalovirus (CMV) model was utilized to determine the source of primary CMV infection in cardiac transplantation. Hearts were taken from actively or latently infected BALB/C mice and then transplanted as primary, heterotopic isografts into CMV-negative BALB/C recipients. The transplantation of hearts from acutely infected donors into nonimmunosuppressed recipients resulted in asymptomatic primary infection as manifested by detectable virus in both donor and recipient hearts, liver, spleen, and salivary glands and by the development of anti-CMV antibody. When hearts from latently infected animals were transplanted into nonimmunosuppressed recipients, a transient primary infection occurred that was manifested by detectable virus in the spleen and salivary glands and the appearance of anti-CMV antibody. When recipient animals were immunosuppressed with cortisone acetate (125 mg/kg/day i.p.) and rabbit antimouse thymocyte globulin (0.2 ml i.p. twice weekly), after transplantation of hearts from acutely and latently infected mice, lethal primary CMV infection developed. High titers of virus were recovered in all organs tested in these animals, including both the donor and recipient hearts. We conclude that the heart is infected during the course of primary murine CMV infection, and that hearts from latently infected animals are a source of serious primary infection in immunosuppressed recipients. This experimental system should be a useful model relevant to human cardiac transplantation.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1984

Effects of temperature on protein turnover in isolated rat skeletal muscle.

To understand the net loss of muscle protein during fever and the possible changes in body protein balance with hyperthermia, we investigated the influence of temperature on protein synthesis and degradation in rat skeletal muscles. In the incubated soleus, extensor digitorum longus, or diaphragm, net protein degradation increased by about 11%/degrees C between 33 and 42 degrees C. This loss of muscle protein resulted from an increase in protein degradation (172% between 33 and 42 degrees C). By contrast, protein synthesis increased by only 25% between 33 and 39 degrees C and fell markedly by 42 degrees C. Unlike muscle, in isolated rat hepatocytes, protein breakdown did not increase significantly between 36 and 39 degrees C. The stimulation of protein degradation between 36 and 39 degrees C was not reduced by leupeptin or Ep-475, which inhibit lysosomal thiol proteases and reduce net protein degradation in the incubated muscles. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been implicated in the accelerated muscle proteolysis during fever. However, PGE2 release by muscles was unchanged between 33 and 42 degrees C, and inhibition of PGE2 synthesis by indomethacin did not reduce the stimulation of proteolysis at 40 degrees C. This catabolic effect of increased temperature may contribute to the negative nitrogen balance during fever.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1983

Effects of hormones on the maintenance and mitochondrial functions of rat hepatocytes cultured in serum-free medium.

The survival and morphology of rat hepatocytes were examined in primary cell cultures that were maintained in serum-free medium supplemented with different hormones. Insulin and dexamethasone improved survival and maintenance of normal epithelial-shaped cells, although triiodothyronine did not alter cell survival or morphology when added to the medium alone or with other hormones. The level of mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and cytochromes a(+a3), b and c, but not c1, were increased in cultured hepatocytes by triiodothyronine. Although induction of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase did not require serum or growth hormone, the triiodothyronine effect was potentiated by insulin plus dexamethasone. This permissive effect of dexamethasone parallels its known glucocorticoid action of increasing the activity of the gluconeogenic enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase in the cultured hepatocytes. Glucagon, which also elevated tyrosine aminotransferase activity, had no effect upon the induction of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase by triiodothyronine. Since the culture medium was completely defined and triiodothyronine did not alter survival or morphology of the hepatocytes, the effects upon mitochondrial functions are direct cellular actions of the thyroid hormone.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Regulation of malic enzyme and mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase by thyroid hormones, insulin, and glucocorticoids in cultured hepatocytes.

Hepatocytes isolated from normal adult rats were cultured under serum-free conditions. Induction of mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) (EC 1.1.99.5; sn-glycerol-3-phosphate: (acceptor) oxidoreductase) and cytosolic malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40; L-malate-NADP+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)) by 3,3'-5-triiodo-L-thyronine (triiodothyronine) in the culture medium follows the same time course as the in vivo response to thyroid hormones. The addition of 1 microM cycloheximide blocks the triiodothyronine response. Thyroxine is also capable of stimulating the activities of both enzymes. Although increases in alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme activities are observed when triiodothyronine is added to the culture medium for 3 days (62% and 36%, respectively), in the presence of insulin and cortisol the response is significantly greater. Dexamethasone is more potent than cortisol in increasing triiodothyronine action. In the presence of bovine serum albumin, to prevent metabolism of triiodothyronine, hepatocytes show increased enzyme activity at concentrations as low as 10(-10) M triiodothyronine.

Animals↗