Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to E L Phillips.
Newly discovered sociological studies of mental health clinics' delivery systems are corroborated in retrospect by the author's current research. New data detail further the empirical, statistical, and systemic features of the delivery system's operations.
The agreement between self-reported consumption of several drugs and laboratory tests used to detect their use is examined. Post-partum women (N = 108) enrolled in a research study participated in a detailed interview covering alcohol and caffeine ingestion, tobacco smoking and use of marijuana and other psychoactive drugs. They also kept a 4-day record of their use of these substances. Blood and urine samples were taken and a physical exam done at the close of the record period. Laboratory tests to detect use of alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, marijuana and other drugs were carried out and the results compared to self-reported drug use in the interview and the record. The degree of agreement depended on the drug taken, the test used and the pattern of drug use in the sample. Sporadic or infrequent consumption related poorly to laboratory tests, especially those that were designed as screening tools. Regular consumption could be identified with greater accuracy. However, the group associations evident between self-reports of drug use and laboratory results were not sufficient to guarantee that subjects were correctly classified. Error in both self-report and the decision made from laboratory values must be taken into account in determining the confidence that should be placed in the data and the conclusions drawn from it.
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Studies have been carried out to determine the sensitivity of hematopoietic CFU-S from Rauscher leukemic mice to an antiserum against the disease prepared in syngeneic mice. Test of this antiserum against Rauscher virus prior to injection showed it to be effective both in vitro and in vivo. At the same time, normal serum was shown to be without effect either against the CFU-S or against the virus. Spleen CFU-S were obtained from control and leukemic mice over a sequence of days following Rauscher virus injection and assayed by transplantation technique. Prior to transplantation these were incubated in vitro in either normal syngeneic serum or syngeneic antiserum. Incubation with antiserum had no effect on CFU-S obtained from the spleens of normal mice. However, incubation in this antiserum of spleen CFU-S from Rauscher leukemic mice resulted in a reduction of up to 50% in their colony-forming ability. Additional tests with guinea pig complement suggested that the levels of inactivation seen are not complement limited. This antiserum-induced reduction in colony formation was first evident in the second week after the injection of virus, coincident with the onset of splenomegaly in the leukemic mice. Thereafter, sensitivity of CFU-S to the antiserlm could be detected up to the terminal point of the leukemia (44 days).
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The effect of Rauscher viral leukemia on the number of colony forming cells (CFU-S) in the spleen has been measured as a function of time after virus administration. These were increased substantially after the first week, reaching a maximum at 2 weeks, after which they decreased in number. Determination of the proportion of these CFU-S which were in DNA synthesis was carried out using the in vitro 3HTdR suicide technique. Within 4 hours of injection of the virus the number of spleen CFU-S which could be inactivated by in vitro 3HTdR exposure increased to 20.9% from a normal mean value of 10.2%. For the next 2 weeks the proportion of CFU-S responding to tritiated thymidine exposure remained at the same value of approximately 20%; the change in number of surviving CFU-S roughly paralleled the change in total colony forming cells. In the third week after virus injection, the proportion of CFU-S which was inactivated by 3HTdR decreased to the point where it could no longer be detected, even though the total number of CFU-S was elevated several fold over the normal. These findings indicate that infection with moderate dose levels of Rauscher virus does result in a measurable early increase in the proportion of cells in DNA synthesis. However, the failure to detect further substantial increases as the disease develops suggests that the virus of itself is not an initiator of all the steps of DNA synthesis. Rather, it would appear that it is to some degree dependent upon other aspects of normal DNA synthesis which remain under control of the cell.
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In response to parental requests for assistance in dealing with adolescent problem children, three parent-child pairs were taught negotiation responses to hypothetical conflict situations using behavior rehearsal and social reinforcement. The negotiation process was separated into component behaviors that were practised during simulations by each youth and his parent under the direction of trainers. Results indicated that (a) the procedures were successful in training youths and their parents in negotiation behaviors that produced agreements to conflict situations, and (b) these behaviors generalized to actual conflict situations in subjects' homes.
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