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E M Schaffer

Publications and source records attributed to E M Schaffer.

31 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Effects of scaling and root planing on subgingival microbial proportions standardized in terms of their naturally occurring distribution.

This investigation included a cross-sectional component (284, 20-40-year-old subjects/568 sites) and a longitudinal component (19 subjects with moderate to advanced periodontitis/76 sites). Subgingival plaque samples and clinical data were obtained from all upper second bicuspids and first molars in the longitudinal subjects and from both upper first molars in the cross-sectional subjects. The purpose was to: determine/confirm changes in proportions of selected subgingival microorganisms following root planning combined with conventional oral hygiene procedures in the longitudinal subjects, evaluate those changes in terms of an estimate of the naturally occurring distribution of subgingival microorganisms based on data obtained from the cross-sectional subjects and relate shifts in the subgingival microorganisms to changes in clinical measurements. Changes following treatment at sites with pre-instrumentation probing depths greater than or equal to 4.5 mm included cocci, 18.3 to 46.9%; spirochetes, 20.9 to 3.1%; total motile organisms, 28.5 to 5.9%; Fusobacterium spp., 10.2 to 2.2%; and dark-pigmented Bacteroides spp., 14.0 to 9.7%. Translating proportions of microorganisms in samples from subjects in the longitudinal treatment study to equivalent percentile ranks within the large cross-sectional data base demonstrated that at probing depths greater than or equal to 4.5 mm cocci moved from below the 50th percentile in our estimate of the naturally occurring distribution of subgingival microorganisms to above, and spirochetes, total motile organisms and Fusobacterium spp. moved from above the 50th percentile to below. The microbiological findings were consistent with statistically significant improvements in clinical measurements. Statistically significant changes also occurred in microorganisms at sites with initial probing depths less than 4.5 mm.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Distribution of oral Haemophilus species in dental plaque from a large adult population.

The periodontal status of maxillary first molars in 284 young adults demonstrating near-health to early disease was evaluated, and supragingival and subgingival plaque samples were collected. Plaque samples were processed anaerobically, enumerated microscopically for bacterial morphotypes, and cultivated on various media to enumerate the microflora. Although haemophili were ubiquitous (recovered in 98.5 and 96.2% of the supragingival and subgingival plaque samples, respectively), 50% of the respective samples had proportions of less than or equal to 1.5% and less than or equal to 0.33% total Haemophilus spp. based on total cultivable microflora. To study the distribution of Haemophilus spp., 377 colonies were identified from modified chocolate agar (selective for oral haemophili) from 14 supragingival and corresponding subgingival samples from 14 subjects. The most prevalent species, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, was found in significantly higher proportions, based on total haemophili on modified chocolate agar, in supragingival and subgingival samples from teeth with shallower probing depths (less than or equal to 3.0 mm) versus deeper probing depths (greater than or equal to 3.0 mm). Additional statistically significant findings included Haemophilus segnis in higher proportions in supragingival samples from deeper sites, Haemophilus aphrophilus in higher proportions in subgingival samples from deeper sites, and Haemophilus paraphrophilus in higher proportions in subgingival samples from shallower sites. Scatter diagrams illustrating the bivariate distributions of proportions of haemophili with proportions of dark-pigmented Bacteroides spp., spirochetes, and streptococci demonstrated that high proportions of haemophili were never recovered from sites with high proportions of Bacteroides spp. or spirochetes. All levels of haemophili, however, were recovered from sites with all levels of streptococci. Two potential systems for interpreting haemophili data were hypothesized for predicting periodontal probing depths. There was highly significant agreement between the two systems. Small but statistically significant correlations were found between the gingival index, probing depth, and attachment level, and proportions of total Haemophilus species in the respective samples.

Adult↗