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Biomedical subjects

E McCoy

Publications and source records attributed to E McCoy.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

The efficacy of pharyngeal packing during routine nasal surgery--a prospective randomised controlled study.

The efficacy of pharyngeal packing in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients undergoing nasal surgery was evaluated in a prospective randomised controlled study. The effect of the presence of the pharyngeal pack on the incidence of postoperative sore throat was also assessed. One hundred patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups; the first had packing and the second received no packing. The placement of a pharyngeal pack was found to have no effect on the incidence of PONV but was associated with a significantly increased incidence of sore throat. The absence of a pharyngeal pack was not associated with an increase in postoperative aspiration or vomiting. We conclude that the routine placement of pharyngeal packs during uncomplicated nasal surgery has no effect on the incidence of PONV and will increase the incidence of postoperative sore throat.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Clearing the cervical spine in unconscious polytrauma victims, balancing risks and effective screening.

Cervical spine injury occurs in 5-10% of cases of blunt polytrauma. A missed or delayed diagnosis of cervical spine injury may be associated with permanent neurological sequelae. However, there is no consensus about the ideal evaluation and management of the potentially injured cervical spine and, despite the publication of numerous clinical guidelines, this issue remains controversial. In addition, many studies are limited in their application to the obtunded or unconscious trauma victim. This review will provide the clinician managing unconscious trauma victims with an assessment of the actual performance of clinical examination and imaging modalities in detecting cervical spine and isolated ligamentous injury, a review of existing guidelines in light of the available evidence, relative risk estimates and a proposed management scheme.

Cervical Vertebrae↗
PubMed1993

Potency estimation of mivacurium: comparison of two different modes of nerve stimulation.

We have assessed the potency of mivacurium, a new non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, using two different modes of nerve stimulation in patients anaesthetized with thiopentone, fentanyl and nitrous oxide in oxygen. The force of contraction of adductor pollicis was measured after single twitch stimulation at 0.1 Hz or train-of-four stimulation (TOF) at 2 Hz every 10 s. Dose-response curves were constructed using a single-dose method for each mode of stimulation. The ED50 and ED95 were 43 micrograms kg-1 and 83 micrograms kg-1, respectively, for the single twitch responses and 34 micrograms kg-1 and 66 micrograms kg-1, respectively, for the first response of the TOF stimulation. The difference between the ED95 doses was not significant (P = 0.051), but the difference between the ED50 doses was significant (P = 0.03), suggesting greater sensitivity of the neuromuscular junction using TOF stimulation. The results show that the information obtained using single twitch stimulation at 0.1 Hz is not the same as that obtained from the first response of the TOF stimulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Outreach to injecting drug users and female sexual partners of drug users on the lower east side of New York City.

In 1984, outreach to injecting drug users and their female sexual partners was initiated as part of HIV behavioral research projects. HIV, health, drug treatment and family planning information and services were provided in addition to recruiting subjects to the research program. Such outreach also poses certain problems--especially potential disruption of neighborhood day-to-day life and clashes with police. This paper discusses an outreach program to injecting drug users and their female sexual partners that was initiated in New York City to provide HIV-related information and services. We examine the successes of the program and problems that were involved in conducting outreach to persons who are typically not accessible through formal institutional channels.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Routine pre-operative electrocardiography.

In a study of 877 patients presenting for anaesthesia with an ECG, 45 per cent of the ECGs were found to be abnormal. The incidence of abnormal ECGs was found to be highest in the over-40 age group, and also in those patients of ASA Grades II, III, IV and V, and this investigation is therefore recommended in these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Biochemical studies on the catalysis of nitrosation by bacteria.

Biochemical and microbiological studies were conducted to characterize the mechanism of bacterial formation of N-nitrosomorpholine from morpholine and nitrite at neutral pH. Nitrosating activity was markedly induced when bacteria were cultured anaerobically in minimal culture medium containing nitrate, while the presence of cysteine or tungsten in the medium inhibited induction. Of various metals, coenzymes and inhibitors tested for their effects on in vitro nitrosation of morpholine, potassium cyanide, sodium azide, NAD(P)H and nitrate strongly inhibited nitrosation. Several mutants of Escherichia coli A10 strain were prepared in order to examine whether nitrosation activity is linked to specific loci. Niridazole-resistant mutants, which lack nitroreductase, had as much nitrosating activity as the original E. coli A10, but chlorate-resistant mutants had completely lost this activity. A good correlation was observed between nitrate reductase activity and nitrosating activity in these mutants. These results indicate that bacterial nitrosation is an enzyme-mediated reaction closely associated with molybdenoenzymes such as the nitrate reductase/formate hydrogenlyase system.

Azides↗
PubMed1986

Rapid and transient rise in diacylglycerol concentration in Daudi cells exposed to interferon.

Human beta-interferon stimulates a 4-fold increase in the concentration of diacyglycerol and a 2-fold increase in the concentration of inositol monophosphate in Daudi (human B-lymphoblastoid) cells within 30 sec of exposure of the cells to interferon. The increase in diacylglycerol and in inositol monophosphate is transient and the concentrations of these compounds decrease to basal levels within 10 min. Preincubation of human beta-interferon with anti-interferon antibodies inhibits this effect as well as the binding of interferon to Daudi cells. Diacylglycerol concentrations were unaffected in mouse A9 cells (fibroblasts) incubated with human beta-interferon and in Daudi cells incubated with human gamma-interferon. Mouse A9 cells are insensitive to human interferon and Daudi cells are insensitive to human gamma-interferon. The magnitude of the increase in diacylglycerol concentration stimulated by interferon can be correlated to the interferon-induced inhibition of Daudi cell division in a dose-responsive manner. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate also inhibits Daudi cell division in a dose-responsive manner. It is likely that the sharp and transient increase in diacylglycerol concentration represents one of the early biochemical changes in Daudi cells exposed to interferon.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1985

Reproducibility of microbial mutagenicity assays: II. Testing of carcinogens and noncarcinogens in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli.

A total of 63 chemicals were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538, and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA in a four-laboratory study. Sixty of the chemicals had been tested for carcinogenicity by the National Cancer Institute or the National Toxicology Program. All chemicals were tested for mutagenicity without metabolic activation and with liver S-9 preparations from uninduced and Aroclor 1254-induced F344 rats, B6C3F1 mice, and Syrian hamsters. The intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility of the Salmonella assay with regard to the overall judgment of mutagenic or nonmutagenic was good. The results in the E coli strain, however, exhibited a high degree of variability between laboratories. With one or two exceptions, the mutagens were detected with S-9 preparations from all three species. The uninduced liver S-9 preparations did not activate any chemicals to mutagens that were not also activated by induced S-9, but some chemicals were detected as mutagens only when induced S-9 was used. A positive mutagenic response in Salmonella was predictive of carcinogenicity 69% of the time; when equivocal carcinogens and borderline mutagens were included, the predictivity increased to 83%. Conversely, 76% of the carcinogens were mutagens. When the equivocal carcinogens were included, the proportion dropped to 75%. Relatively few chemicals (18%) were mutagenic in E coli. Not all the carcinogens induced tumors in both rats and mice, and the species-specific carcinogenicity could not be predicted from the S-9-specific mutagenicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Serum immunoreactive somatomedin levels in normal adults, pregnant women at term, children at various ages, and children with constitutionally delayed growth.

Immunoreactive somatomedin (IRSM) levels in term pregnancy material sera (MS) and newborn cord sera (CS) were higher and lower, respectively, than those in normal adults. IRSM levels in MS and CS were not correlated, suggesting that SM dose not cross the placenta. The similar levels of IRSM in arterial and venous CS suggest that the placenta does not produce SM. IRSM levels in CS were higher than those in newborn sera and were correlated with day 1 newborn sera, suggesting that the placenta may regulate fetal serum IRSM levels. Serum IRSM levels in normal children gradually increased from birth to peak levels at puberty. The mean levels of serum IRSM reached peak levels 2 yr earlier in females. Males near pubertal age with constitutionally delayed growth had lower serum IRSM levels than age-matched controls. Diagnostic measurements of serum IRSM in children requires comparison with age- and sex-matched controls. Serum SM levels may only approximately reflect the local concentrations or activities of SM in various tissues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

A new mutagenic and genotoxic response of the flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate. Activation by singlet oxygen.

Illumination of tris (2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate with visible light in the presence of riboflavin resulted in the formation of a stable product with greatly enhanced genetic and DNA-modifying activities. Because illumination of riboflavin results in the formation of short-lived singlet oxygen, it is assumed that the mutagenic and genotoxic chemical results from a reaction between the flame retardant and singlet oxygen. Since the polluted urban atmosphere is conducive to the generation of this species of oxygen, the present results may, therefore, be relevant to an assessment of the health hazard posed by such an environment.

Air Pollutants↗